Download AP PSych Cum Test Ch 1-7 - Mater Academy Lakes High School

AP Psych Ch 1-7 Cum Test
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 101. William James was a prominent American
a. psychoanalyst.
b. behaviorist.
c. functionalist.
d. structuralist.
e. gestaltist.
____ 102. Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what
happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process
affect behavior?
a. structuralism
b. behaviorism
c. humanistic psychology
d. cognitive neuroscience
e. functionalist experimental psychology
____ 103. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology
or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding
a. structuralism versus functionalism.
b. evolution versus natural selection.
c. observation versus introspection.
d. nature versus nurture.
e. humanism versus behaviorism.
____ 104. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-
American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily
concerned with the relative contributions of
a. biology and cognition.
b. nature and nurture.
c. behavior and mental processes.
d. conscious and unconscious thoughts.
e. introspection versus structuralism.
____ 105. Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and
experience to personality development?
a. cognitive
b. behavioral
c. psychodynamic
d. biological
e. biopsychosocial
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____ 106. The biological perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is
influenced by
a. environmental circumstances.
b. blood chemistry.
c. unconscious conflicts.
d. subjective interpretations.
e. memory processes.
____ 107. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how
a. feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.
b. people try to understand their own unconscious motives.
c. behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.
d. people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
e. how behaviors and thinking vary across cultures.
____ 108. A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is
employing a(n) ________ perspective.
a. evolutionary
b. psychodynamic
c. behavioral
d. social-cultural
e. cognitive
____ 109. Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged
among various ethnic communities?
a. evolutionary
b. cognitive
c. psychodynamic
d. social-cultural
e. biological
____ 110. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow
older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
a. social
b. clinical
c. developmental
d. industrial-organizational
e. biological
____ 111. While reading her AP Psychology textbook, Sara scans the section headings, noticing how the units
are organized, and forms questions to answer while reading. According to the text, her strategy best
reflects
a. how knowledge transforms us.
b. the nature of psychology as a science.
c. how we construct our perceptions.
d. active processing of the material.
e. how psychology affects other disciplines.
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____ 112. Critical thinkers can best be described as
a. questioning.
b. cynical.
c. overconfident.
d. pessimistic.
e. impatient.
____ 113. Replication involves
a. the selection of random samples.
b. perceiving order in random events.
c. repeating an earlier research study.
d. rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.
e. overestimating the extent to which others share our views.
____ 114. Which of the following researchers used the case study method, carefully observing one exceptional
individual in depth to reach conclusions that might be true of all of us?
a. Jean Piaget
b. James Randi
c. Jane Goodall
d. William James
e. John b. Watson
____ 115. The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)
a. control condition.
b. population.
c. case study.
d. independent variable.
e. survey.
____ 116. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants
have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo.
This investigation involves the use of
a. naturalistic observation.
b. the hindsight bias.
c. random sampling.
d. the double-blind procedure.
e. replication.
____ 117. Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment?
a. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
b. The research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses.
c. The experimental group receives the experimental treatment
d. The experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment
e. The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
____ 118. If a result is statistically significant, this means that the
a. results of the test are positively correlated with another factor.
b. participants received scores above the 50 percentile.
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c. results of the research have practical significance.
d. scores were 1 standard deviation from the mean.
e. psychologist accepts a 5 percent likelihood that the results occurred by chance.
____ 119. As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming
from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?
a. interneuron
b. sensory
c. presynaptic
d. motor
e. efferent
____ 120. When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is
a. depression.
b. muscular paralysis.
c. aggression.
d. schizophrenia.
e. euphoria.
____ 121. The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the
a. circulatory system.
b. threshold.
c. action potential.
d. nervous system.
e. endocrine system.
____ 122. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the
a. thyroid gland.
b. pituitary gland.
c. parathyroids.
d. adrenal glands.
e. pancreas.
____ 123. The master gland of the endocrine system is the
a. thyroid gland.
b. adrenal gland.
c. pituitary gland.
d. pancreas.
e. hypothalamus.
____ 124. Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n)
a. endorphin.
b. EEG.
c. synapse.
d. lesion.
e. MRI.
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____ 125. Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the
medulla?
a. reticular formation
b. hippocampus
c. pons
d. thalamus
e. hypothalamus
____ 126. An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the
a. angular gyrus.
b. hypothalamus.
c. motor cortex.
d. reticular formation.
e. frontal association area.
____ 127. The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the
a. reticular formation.
b. medulla.
c. sensory areas.
d. cerebellum.
e. association areas.
____ 128. The goal of constraint-induced therapy is to
a. eliminate epileptic seizures by cutting the corpus callosum.
b. rewire damaged brains by forcing patients to use a nonfunctioning limb.
c. trigger the release of dopamine in specific brain regions associated with reward
centers.
d. help those in whom damage to the angular gyrus has left them unable to read
aloud.
e. destroy tiny clusters of defective cells, leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed.
____ 129. Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the
a. medulla.
b. corpus callosum.
c. angular gyrus.
d. limbic system.
e. reticular formation.
____ 130. Consciousness is
a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.
b. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
c. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.
d. our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
e. brain waves that indicate we are not reacting to a stimulus.
____ 131. When people discuss the “nature vs. nurture” controversy, Nature refers to ________ and Nurture
refers to ________.
a. genes; heredity
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b.
c.
d.
e.
chromosomes; genetics
biology; environment
DNA; hormones
thinking; behavior
____ 132. Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by
a. hormones.
b. nurture.
c. heredity.
d. natural selection.
e. environment.
____ 133. Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are
a. less likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion.
b. more likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion.
c. more likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion.
d. less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion.
e. less likely to be the same sex and equally likely to be similar in extraversion.
____ 134. Twin studies suggest that a strong influence on emotional instability comes from
a. genetic predispositions.
b. the Y chromosome.
c. natural selection.
d. the X chromosome.
e. mutation.
____ 135. Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of
a. humanism.
b. behaviorism.
c. naturalistic observation.
d. natural selection.
e. genome mapping.
____ 136. Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of
a. humanistic psychology.
b. psychotherapy.
c. self-regulation.
d. natural selection.
e. interaction.
____ 137. Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of
a. heritability.
b. selective mating.
c. gene splicing.
d. hormone injections.
e. training.
____ 138. A random error in gene replication is known as a
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
DNA.
genome.
mutation.
natural selection.
heritability.
____ 139. According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to
be
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
socially prohibited.
genetically predisposed.
ecologically disruptive.
disease-producing.
hormonally adaptive.
____ 140. As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and
help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates
a. sensation.
b. top-down processing.
c. perception.
d. selective attention.
e. psychophysics.
____ 141. The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called
a. gestalt.
b. change blindness.
c. frequency.
d. the cocktail party effect.
e. sensory interaction.
____ 142. Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As
a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him.
Jerry most clearly suffered
a. place theory.
b. inattentional blindness.
c. sensory interaction.
d. blind spot.
e. feature detectors.
____ 143. While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by
passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker
was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates
a. blind spot.
b. gate-control theory.
c. bottom-up processing.
d. change blindness.
e. top-down processing.
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____ 144. The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is
called the
a. adaptation threshold.
b. difference threshold.
c. subliminal threshold.
d. absolute threshold.
e. change threshold.
____ 145. The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the
a. lens.
b. iris.
c. retina.
d. optic nerve.
e. feature detectors.
____ 146. Accommodation refers to the
a. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
b. system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints.
c. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
d. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.
e. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
____ 147. The axons of ganglion cells converge to form
a. the basilar membrane.
b. bipolar cells.
c. the auditory nerve.
d. the optic nerve.
e. the olfactory epithelium.
____ 148. Researchers found that if they temporarily disrupted one region of the visual cortex with magnetic
pulses, people were unable to recognize faces but could still recognize houses. This suggests that
a. visual information is processed by opponent cells in the retina.
b. the fovea is the retina's area of central focus.
c. information presented in the right visual field is processed in the left hemisphere of
the brain.
d. two separate brain regions process information about faces and objects.
e. the physical characteristics of light determine our sensory experience of them.
____ 149. Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the
a. vestibular sacs.
b. semicircular canals.
c. inner ear.
d. cochlea.
e. middle ear.
____ 150. The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the
a. eustachian tube.
b. auditory canal.
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c. semicircular canal.
d. cochlea.
e. vestibular apparatus.
____ 151. Hair cells line the surface of the
a. feature detectors.
b. eardrum.
c. basilar membrane.
d. auditory nerve.
e. fovea.
____ 152. According to frequency theory
a. most sound waves are a complex mixture of many frequencies.
b. high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of
the basilar membrane.
c. the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of
the tone being heard.
d. frequent or prolonged stimulation of a sensory receptor causes that receptor to
become less sensitive.
e. we hear different pitches because different sound waves cause different parts of the
nerve cells in the cochlea to fire.
____ 153. A cochlear implant converts sounds into
a. decibels.
b. electrical signals.
c. air pressure changes.
d. fluid vibrations.
e. neurotransmitters.
____ 154. Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of
a. sensory input.
b. top-down processing.
c. conscious awareness.
d. parallel processing.
e. figure-ground.
____ 155. As we move, objects that are fixed in place (a light pole, for example) may appear to move. What is
this monocular cue for depth called?
a. relative motion
b. interposition
c. proximity
d. retinal disparity
e. continuity
____ 156. Imagine your friend walking toward you in the hall at school. As your friend gets closer, the image
cast on your retina
a. gets smaller.
b. gets larger.
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c. gets darker.
d. stays exactly the same.
e. appears higher in your field of vision.
____ 157. The quick succession of briefly flashed images in a motion picture produces
a. retinal disparity.
b. the Ponzo illusion.
c. stroboscopic movement.
d. linear perspective.
e. frequency theory.
____ 158. As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will
appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the phenomenon of
a. binocular cues.
b. size constancy.
c. closure.
d. convergence.
e. linear perspective.
____ 159. The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between
a. relative motion and relative height.
b. perceived distance and perceived size.
c. proximity and closure.
d. atmospheric air pressure and diffusion of light waves.
e. place theory and frequency theory.
____ 160. When researchers added a few drops of vinegar to a brand-name beer, the beer tasters disliked it only
if they had been told they were drinking vinegar-laced beer. This best illustrates the impact of
a. kinesthesis.
b. interposition.
c. perceptual set.
d. the McGurk effect.
e. feature detectors.
____ 161. By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in
a. perception.
b. emotion.
c. socialization.
d. mental processes.
e. mental health.
____ 162. Consciousness is
a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.
b. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
c. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
d. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.
e. our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
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____ 163. Circadian rhythm refers to
a. the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience.
b. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
c. the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight.
d. the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.
e. a pattern of brain waves that occur during sleep.
____ 164. Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
a. night terrors.
b. neuroadaptations.
c. dissociations.
d. hallucinations.
e. stressors.
____ 165. Deep sleep appears to play an important role in
a. narcolepsy.
b. sleep apnea.
c. paradoxical sleep.
d. posthypnotic amnesia.
e. physical growth.
____ 166. Slow-wave sleep promotes
a. effective memory.
b. REM rebound.
c. narcolepsy.
d. insomnia.
e. dissociation.
____ 167. Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?
a. night terrors
b. sleepwalking
c. sleep apnea
d. insomnia
e. sleeptalking
____ 168. According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its
a. manifest content.
b. dissociated content.
c. latent content.
d. hallucinatory content.
e. social influence.
____ 169. One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ________ is helpful for developing and
preserving neural pathways in the brain.
a. night terrors
b. near-death experiences
c. sleep apnea
d. dreaming
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e. hypnagogic sensations
____ 170. As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed
during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience
a. an increase in REM sleep.
b. sleep apnea.
c. insomnia.
d. dissociation.
e. an increase in NREM sleep.
____ 171. Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few
days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting
to make use of
a. age regression.
b. posthypnotic suggestion.
c. hypnagogic sensations.
d. REM rebound.
e. parallel processing.
____ 172. Dissociation refers to
a. a state of divided consciousness.
b. a state of paradoxical sleep.
c. conscious enactment of a hypnotic role.
d. nonconformity to social pressure.
e. manifest content, which is separate from latent content.
____ 173. Which of the following is true of alcohol?
a. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a stimulant.
b. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
c. In large doses, it is a hallucinogen; in small doses, it is a depressant.
d. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a stimulant.
e. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
____ 174. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are
a. barbiturates.
b. amphetamines.
c. opiates.
d. mild hallucinogens.
e. stimulants.
____ 175. By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and
diminishes appetite.
a. alcohol
b. heroin
c. nicotine
d. MDMA
e. THC
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____ 176. Research suggests that an important factor contributing to drug abuse by youth and young adults is
a. having a parent who suffers from narcolepsy.
b. feeling that one's life is meaningless.
c. abnormally high levels of the brain chemical NPY.
d. sleep apnea.
e. disturbing latent content in dreams.
____ 177. A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated
squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this
reaction?
a. operant conditioning
b. negative reinforcement
c. conditioned stimulus
d. habituation
e. law of effect
____ 178. John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)
a. physiological psychologist.
b. cognitive psychologist.
c. behaviorist.
d. psychoanalyst.
e. operant conditioner.
____ 179. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)
a. conditioned response.
b. unconditioned response.
c. unconditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned stimulus.
e. neutral stimulus.
____ 180. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)
a. conditioned response.
b. unconditioned stimulus.
c. unconditioned response.
d. conditioned stimulus.
e. neutral stimulus.
____ 181. In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth
was the
a. US.
b. UR.
c. CS.
d. CR.
e. SR.
____ 182. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was
a. the taste of food.
b. salivation to the taste of food.
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c. the sound of a tone.
d. salivation to the sound of a tone.
e. the anticipation of food.
____ 183. Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best
illustrates
a. generalization.
b. secondary reinforcement.
c. shaping.
d. intermittent reinforcement.
e. spontaneous recovery.
____ 184. In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
a. observational learning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. latent learning
e. insight
____ 185. Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.
a. fixed
b. primary
c. positive
d. continuous
e. unconditioned
____ 186. The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves
a. secondary reinforcers.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. intrinsic motivation.
d. latent learning.
e. unconditioned stimuli.
____ 187. Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard,
long, cross-court hits best illustrates the process of
a. shaping.
b. modeling.
c. discrimination.
d. delayed reinforcement.
e. insight learning.
____ 188. The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their
reduced levels of
a. mirror neuron activity.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. respondent behavior.
d. positive reinforcement.
e. associative learning.
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____ 189. The process of getting information into memory is called
a. priming.
b. chunking.
c. encoding.
d. registering.
e. storing.
____ 190. The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________
memory.
a. sensory
b. state-dependent
c. long-term
d. flashbulb
e. implicit
____ 191. A mnemonic device is a
a. sensory memory.
b. test or measure of memory.
c. technique for automatic processing.
d. memory aid.
e. word, event, or place that triggers a memory of the past.
____ 192. Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a
tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of
a. the spacing effect.
b. implicit memory.
c. rosy retrospection.
d. the peg-word system.
e. serial position effect.
____ 193. Iconic memory refers to
a. the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
b. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a
second.
c. the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of
events.
d. the visually encoded images in long-term memory.
e. important events often encoded through flashbulb memory.
____ 194. The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as
a. chunking.
b. the serial position effect.
c. automatic processing.
d. long-term potentiation.
e. proactive interference.
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____ 195. A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical
injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory.
a. flashbulb
b. implicit
c. mood-congruent
d. short-term
e. echoic
____ 196. Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.
a. proactive
b. procedural
c. explicit
d. implicit
e. iconic
____ 197. Memories are primed by
a. repression.
b. retrieval cues.
c. retroactive interference.
d. the serial position effect.
e. source amnesia.
____ 198. The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called
a. state-dependent memory.
b. retroactive interference.
c. the serial position effect.
d. the spacing effect.
e. proactive interference.
____ 199. Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able
to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According
to Freud, his forgetting illustrates
a. repression.
b. proactive interference.
c. retroactive interference.
d. the serial position effect.
e. the spacing effect.
____ 200. Answerwering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for
a. automatically processing complex information.
b. facilitating the development of implicit memory.
c. activating your state-dependent memory.
d. becoming aware of what you do not yet know.
e. enhancing implicit memories.
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