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Psychology 201 - Internet Module 2 Chapters 4 – 7 Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.(2 pts each) 1. Depth a. b. c. d. perception enables one to see three-dimensional space. allows you to accurately judge distances. is partly learned and partly innate. characterized by all of these. 2. A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is known as a. habituation. b. dishabituation. c. perserveration. d. a perceptual set. 3. Psychologists consider marked changes in the quality and patterns of mental activity as a. unconsciousness. b. sensory depletion. c. altered states of consciousness. d. waking consciousness. 4. People who take drugs intravenously are at high risk for a. addiction. b. Gonorrhea c. Herpes d. Hepatitus. 5. A(n) ____________ is any event that increases the probability that a response will occur again. a. antecedent b. behavioral incentive c. conditioned stimuli d. reinforcement 6. Events that precede a response are called ____________, while events that follow a response are called _________. a. antecedents; consequences b. consequences; antecedents c. rewards; punishers d. primary events; secondary events 7. The phone in your room rings; you pick it up and immediately recognize the voice of your psychology teacher. What process is involved in this recognition? a. sensation b. perception c. adaptation d. transduction 8. Which sense responds to the energy caused by movement of air molecules? a. smell b. taste c. touch d. hearing 9. Mike is trying to find his car keys in a dark closet. Why are his rods more useful in the dark than his cones? a. Rods need less light to be activated. b. Rods have a direct route to the bipolar cells. c. He is color blind and therefore has trouble seeing in the dark. d. His keys are on a green key chain and cones can't detect color. 10. How would you characterize the relationship between odor and taste? a. There is no relationship between the two senses. b. Both of them are useless without a sense of sight. c. Your ability to smell enhances your ability to taste. d. As your sense of smell increases, it tends to override your ability to taste. 11. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? a. thinking b. cognition c. conscience d. consciousness 12. REM sleep refers to a. dreamless sleep. b. sleep induced by sleeping pills. c. sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely. d. sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly. 13. Which of the following is classified as a depressant? a. cocaine b. alcohol c. marijuana d. amphetamines 14. The two types of factual memory include: a. semantic and episodic b. anterograde and retrograde c. Short-term and long-term d. past and present 15. Remembering where you where and what you were doing on the second Tuesday of September, 2001, only after being told it was September 11th, is an example of a. State-dependent learning b. Cue-dependent learning c. Regression d. Post-traumatic stress 16. When new learning disrupts the ability to recall past, stored information, ________________ has been said to occur. a. proactive interference b. disinhibition c. retrograde amnesia d. retroactive interference 17. The inability to recall events preceding an accident involving head injuries is called a. retrograde amnesia. b. prograde amnesia. c. anterograde amnesia. d. cognitive blockage. 18. When a person periodically stops breathing during sleep or has interrupted breathing during sleep, we say they have a. REM rebound activity. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. a mad spouse. 19. What branch of psychology examines processes such as thinking? a. mentalism b. behavioral psychology c. cognitive psychology d. contemplative psychology 20. Which term describes a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience? a. learning b. cognition c. maturation d. perception Identify with a T or F, whether each of the following statements are True or False (2 pts each). 21.Paradoxical sleep is the term sleep researchers use to designate Stages 1 to 4 of sleep. 22.An engram is a small unit of measurement used in the determination of memory consolidation and recognition. 23.Repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to generalization. 24.Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced taste-aversion learning. 25.Joe and Cara are agents for a company that owns apartment buildings. Joe gets a commission each time he rents three apartments. Cara receives a salary each week regardless of the number of apartments she rents. Joe is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, whereas Cara is on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. Short Answer (5 pts each) 1. Define the terms sensation and perception, and give an example of how they are different and how they are related. 2. Identify the 5 senses along with the external energies which each detect. 3. Differentiate between an illusion and a hallucination. Give an example of each. 4. Define consciousness and explain what waking consciousness is. Finally, define and describe an altered state of consciousness. 5. Define insomnia. Describe the effects of nonprescription and prescription drugs on insomnia along with at least two other treatments for this condition. 6. Describe the following terms as they apply to classical conditioning: a. neutral stimulus (NS) d. unconditioned response (UR) b. conditioned stimulus (CS) e. conditioned response (CR) c. unconditioned stimulus (US) and then give an example of classical conditioning using the abbreviations NS, US, UR, CS, and CR. 7. Describe, give an example of, and explain the effects of the following schedules of partial reinforcement: a. fixed ratio (FR) b. variable ratio (VR) c. fixed interval (FI) d. variable interval (VI) 8. Define memory and explain the three processes of memory. 9. Describe sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory in terms of capacity, how information is encoded (or how it is transferred from one level of memory to the next i.e. sensory memory to short-term, short-term to long-term), permanence, and susceptibility to interference. 10. Explain Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting. Given this information what are the implications of his findings on how best to study for an examination? Related readings (INFOtrac) and web sites: American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Society http://psych.hanover.edu/APS Anatomy of the Eye http://webvision.med.utah.edu/anatomy.html Otolaryngology http://www.entusa.com/ Parapsychology Links http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~bdj10/psi.html Society for Psychical Research http://www.spr.ac.uk/ Visual Illusions http://dragon.uml.edu/psych/illusion.html Lipkin, R. (1995). Additional genes may affect color vision. Science News, v. 147 (n. 7), pp. 100101. Pantev, C., Hoke, M., Lutkenhoner, B., & Lehnertz, K. (1989). Tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex: pitch versus frequency representation. Science, v. 246 (n. 4929), pp. 486-488. Sheehan, W. (2001). The moon illusion. Mercury, v. 30 (i.1), p.12 American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Society http://psych.hanover.edu/APS LSD http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/lsd.html National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ Psychoactive Substances and Violence http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/GovPubs/PSYCVIOL.HTM SIDS http://www.aap.org/new/sids/sids.htm Sleep Disorders - REM Behavior Disorders http://www.sleepdisorderchannel.com/rem/ Smoking and Cancer http://www.meds.com/lung/smoking/smoking.html The Worldwide Online Meditation Center http://www.meditationcenter.com/ Epstein, J.A., Griffin, K.W., & Botvin, G.J. (2004). Efficacy, self-derogation, and alcohol use among inner-city adolescents: gender matters. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, v. 33 (i.12), pp. 159-166. Franco, P., Lipshutz, W., Valente, F., Adams, S., Scaillet, S., & Kahn, A. (2002). Decreased arousals in infants who sleep with the face covered by bedclothes. Pediatrics, v. 109 (i.6), pp. 1112-1117. Stein, M.T., & Ferber, R. (2001). Recent onset of sleepwalking in early adolescence. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, v. 22 (i.2), S33. Albert Bandura http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/bandura.html American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Society http://psych.hanover.edu/APS Classical Conditioning http://www.as.wvu.edu/~sbb/comm221/chapters/pavlov.htm Observational Learning http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/soccog/soclrn.html Operant Conditioning and Behaviorism http://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/genetics/behavior/learning/behaviorism.html B.F. Skinner http://www.bfskinner.org/index.asp http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/skinner.html Bushman, B.J. (1998). Priming effects of media violence on the accessibility of aggressive constructs in memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, v. 24(n. 5), pp. 537-545. Kim, J.J., & Fanselow, M.S. (1992). Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science, v. 256 (n. 5057), pp. 675-677. Vessey, J.A., & Lee, J.E. (2000). Violent video games affecting our children. Pediatric Nursing, v 26(n.6), p. 607