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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY ___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers ___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2007 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Mood Disorders ___________________________________ Module 50 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 2 ___________________________________ Psychological Disorders ___________________________________ Mood Disorders ___________________________________ Major Depressive Disorders ___________________________________ Bipolar Disorder ___________________________________ Explaining Mood Disorders ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 50 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1 OBJECTIVE 50‐1| Define mood disorders, and Mood Disorders contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Major depressive disorder 2. Bipolar disorder ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 4 ___________________________________ Major Depressive Disorder ___________________________________ Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year 5.8% men and 9.5% women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002). ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Blue mood Major Depressive Disorder Gasping for air after a hard run Chronic shortness of breath ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 5 ___________________________________ Major Depressive Disorder ___________________________________ Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions. 1. 2. 3. 4. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Signs include: Lethargy and tiredness Feelings of worthlessness Loss of interest in family & friends Loss of interest in activities ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 6 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 50 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2 ___________________________________ Dysthymic Disorder ___________________________________ Dysthymic disorder lies between blue mood and major depressive disorder. A disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder Major Depressive Disorder ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 7 ___________________________________ Bipolar Disorder ___________________________________ Formerly called manic‐depressive disorder, alteration between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms Gloomy Elation Withdrawn Euphoria ___________________________________ Inability to make decisions Tired Slowness of thought Desire for action Hyperactive Multiple ideas ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 8 ___________________________________ Bipolar Disorder ___________________________________ Many great writers, poets, composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phases, their creativity surged and dropped off during their depressive phases. Clemens ___________________________________ Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Wolfe George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library Bettmann/ Corbis Whitman ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hemingway 9 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 50 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3 OBJECTIVE 50‐2| Discuss the facts that an Explaining Mood Disorders acceptable theory of depression must explain. Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. ___________________________________ Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Behavioral and cognitive changes 2. Common causes of depression ___________________________________ 10 ___________________________________ Theory of Depression ___________________________________ 3. Gender differences ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 11 ___________________________________ Theory of Depression ___________________________________ 4. Depressive episodes self‐terminate. 5. Depression is increasing, especially in the teens. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images ___________________________________ Post‐partum depression ___________________________________ 12 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 50 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4 ___________________________________ Suicide ___________________________________ The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Suicide Statistics National differences Racial differences Gender differences Age differences Other differences ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 13 OBJECTIVE 50‐3| Summarize the contribution Biological Perspective of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. Rates of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). suicide and depression. ___________________________________ Linkage analysis and associations studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. ___________________________________ Jerry Irwin Photography ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 14 ___________________________________ Neurotransmitters & Depression Reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been implicated in depression. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Pre‐synaptic Neuron Norepinephrine Serotonin Post‐synaptic Neuron ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 15 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 50 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5 ___________________________________ The Depressed Brain ___________________________________ PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Courtesy of Lewis Baxter an Michael E. Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 16 OBJECTIVE 50‐4| Summarize the contribution Social‐Cognitive Perspective of the social‐cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the The social‐cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self‐defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles. cycle of depression. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 17 ___________________________________ Depression Cycle ___________________________________ 1. The negative stressful events. 2. Pessimistic explanatory style. 3. Hopeless depressed state. 4. Hampers the way the individual thinks and acts, and thus fuels personal rejection. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 18 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 50 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6 ___________________________________ Example ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed. 19 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 50 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7