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Mood Disorders Kimberley Clow [email protected] http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/155b/ Outline What are mood disorders? Depression Mania Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Causes Treatment Thoughts… Have you ever felt sad, pessimistic, or worthless? Have you ever felt like a failure? Last year, there were 6,303,776 injuries causing limitations to normal activity for people aged 20-34 Divorce rates are on the rise 1/1000 divorce in the first year 5.1% in the second year 17% in the third year 23.6% in the fourth year The Moods Depression A low, miserable, unhappy mood Feelings of worthlessness, and pessimism Altered sleep and appetite Inability to experience pleasure Mania Extremely high or agitated mood Person feels excessively and unrealistically positive Feelings of elation and a strong sense of pleasure Grandiose ideas Hyperactive Depression Depressing Facts 1 in 5 adults will experience depression Emotional Symptoms Depressed or Dysphoric Mood Anhedonia Physical Symptoms Somatic Complaints Motor Retardation Sleep Disturbances Weight Loss Cognitive Symptoms Distorted Thinking All or Nothing Thinking Overgeneralization Mental Filter Disqualifying the Positive Jumping to Conclusions Emotional Reasoning Personalization Pessimistic, self-critical thinking often leads to thoughts of suicide Suicide Different Types Death Seekers Death Initiators Death Ignorers Death Darers Warning Signs Gender Differences Psychotic Symptoms Seen in the most severely depressed individuals Delusions Hallucinations Relation to Depression Mood Congruent Symptoms are consistent with the person's depressed thinking Mood Incongruent Symptoms are inconsistent with the person's depressed thinking Course of Major Depressive Disorder The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is between 8 and 10 months Cyclical disorder Rarely experience just 1 episode The episode is usually triggered by a major life stressor Major depressive disorder can begin at any age Most typical during the mid-twenties Variants Dysthyic Disorder Symptoms less severe More chronic form of depression Double Depression Person suffers Dysthymia and Unipolar Depression Dysthymia develops first Major Depressive episode occurs later Mania The Facts 10-20% who suffer a depressive episode develop bipolar disorder Gender Differences Emotional Symptoms Inflated Self-Esteem Elation or Irritation Physical Symptoms Decreased need for sleep Cognitive Symptoms Distractible Goal Directed Behaviour Bipolar Disorder Characterized by Periods of depression alternating with mania Bipolar I or Bipolar II Possible Mixed Episodes Rapid Cycling Variants Hypomania Cyclothymic Bipolar vs. Depression Gender Gender equality Age Similar onset SES High SES Stress Little effect Gender More women Age Similar onset SES Equal opportunity Stress Triggers & Worsens Biological Factors Depression and mania tend to be episodic in nature Many of the symptoms are disruptions in vital bodily functions sleep, eating, and sexual activity Disorders run in families Can be induced by drugs Cognitive Behavioural Factors Aaron Beck Diathesis-Stress Model Onset or relapse of depression is more likely following a major loss Death, divorce, loss of self-worth related to unemployment Trauma and stress not enough to predict depression Need to consider the context and the meaning of the event Supportive context vs lack of support Catastrophic interpretations Psychoanalysis Depression due to real or symbolic loss Failure to properly grieve Caused by fixation in the oral stage Treatment Drug Therapy Have you heard of Prozac or Paxil? Alleviate Depression Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) Linked to suicide! Have you heard of Lithium? Alleviate Bipolar Disorder Increases reuptake of norepinephrine Toxic! Cognitive Behavioural Therapy What Works Best? 120 100 CBT = Cognitive Behavioural Therapy 80 60 40 20 0 Placebo CBT + Plac. CBT Alone Drug Alone Drug + CBT