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Learning Chapter 6 Classical Conditioning Conditioning and Learning § Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience of practice § Type of learning that involves stimulusresponse connections § Form of learning, involves use of stimulus to generate specific response § Uses: § Helps people adapt to environment § Help eliminate fears/other behaviors Ivan Pavlov § Russian physiologist (studies workings of body) § 1 stimulus causes a response that’s usually caused by another stimulus Pavlov’s Dogs § Pavlov used dogs in classical conditioning studies § Trained dogs to associate sound of bell with food § Dogs learned sound of food was coming bell meant Stimulus and Response : Stimulus that causes response that is automatic, not learned : caused by an unconditioned stimulus : learned response to neutral stimulus Stimulus and Response : previously neutral stimulus that causes conditioned response § Emotional responses classically conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus Adapting to your environment with CC… § Taste Aversions § Learned response to a particular food § One-trial learning § Disappearance of conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus no longer follows conditioned stimulus Review § The type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections is called? a) b) c) d) Learning by example Classical Conditioning Learned Conditioning Operant Conditioning § A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic is known as which of the following? a) b) c) d) Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned response Conditioned stimulus Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning § B. F. Skinner § Operant Conditioning depends on use of reinforcements and schedules to execute them : people/ animals learn through consequences of behavior Operant Conditioning (cont.) § Can help people/animals learn to combine simple steps/actions into complex behaviors § Operant conditioning occurs when people/animals have learned to respond to a certain situation § Voluntary responses are conditioned Skinner’s Experiment (Rats, Food, Levers) § Skinner Box § Demonstrated reinforcement § process by which a stimulus (food) increases the chances that a preceding behavior (a rat pressing a lever) will occur again § Knowledge of results is often all the reinforcement people need to learn new skills Reinforcement § Strengthening a response, increases chances of behavior being repeated § i.e., Dog learning to lay down will receive a treat from the owner Types of Reinforcement § Increases frequency of behavior when something’s presented § Person receives something he or she wants following the behavior § Increases frequency of behavior when something’s removed § Behavior reinforced because something unwanted stops happening or is removed following the behavior § i.e., Put on sunscreen to avoid sunburn Rewards and Punishments § Like positive reinforcement, rewards help encourage learning § Some psychologists, however, prefer positive reinforcement § Quite different from negative reinforcement § Unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow § When and how often the reinforcement occurs § Effectiveness of depends on it reinforcement § There are different types of that can be followed schedules Types of Schedules reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs : § Not always practical/possible : behavior not reinforced every time it occurs Interval Schedules § fixed amount of time must elapse between reinforcements § varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements Review § ____________ are unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow. a) b) c) d) Rewards Punishments Negative Reinforcements Positive Reinforcements § ___________ is defined as the strengthening of a) b) c) d) Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Classical Conditioning Adaptation a response. Cognitive Factors in Learning Cognitive Psychology and Learning § Cognitive psychologists focus on mental aspects of learning § interested in what people or animals know, not just what they do § Based on idea that people/animals learn by thinking or watching others Cognitive Learning studies… § How people obtain info § How people process info § Problem Solving Ability Types of Cognitive Learning ( § Learning that remains hidden until needed § Most psychologists believe that much learning takes place without reinforcement ) Types of Cognitive Learning ( ) § Knowledge/skills acquired by observing & imitating others § Modeling is a basic form of imitation : ability to learn from the experiences of another § Observational learning/modeling account for much of human learning Media Violence § Television is a major source of informal observational learning § Most health professionals agree that media violence contributes to aggression