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Learning
Chapter 6
Classical
Conditioning
Conditioning and Learning
§ Any relatively
permanent change in
behavior brought
about by experience of
practice
§ Type of
learning that
involves stimulusresponse connections
§ Form of
learning, involves use of
stimulus to generate specific response
§ Uses:
§ Helps people adapt to environment
§ Help eliminate fears/other behaviors
Ivan Pavlov
§ Russian physiologist (studies
workings of body)
§ 1 stimulus causes a response that’s
usually caused by another stimulus
Pavlov’s Dogs
§ Pavlov used dogs in classical
conditioning studies
§ Trained dogs to associate sound of
bell with food
§ Dogs learned sound of
food was coming
bell meant
Stimulus and Response
:
Stimulus that causes response that is
automatic, not learned
:
caused by an unconditioned stimulus
: learned
response to neutral stimulus
Stimulus and Response
: previously
neutral stimulus that causes conditioned
response
§  Emotional responses classically
conditioned to a previously neutral
stimulus
Adapting to your environment with CC…
§ Taste Aversions
§ Learned response to a particular food
§ One-trial learning
§ Disappearance of
conditioned response
when unconditioned stimulus no longer
follows conditioned stimulus
Review
§  The type of
learning that involves stimulus-response
connections is called?
a) 
b) 
c) 
d) 
Learning by example
Classical Conditioning
Learned Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
§  A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic
is known as which of the following?
a) 
b) 
c) 
d) 
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Operant
Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
§ B. F. Skinner
§ Operant Conditioning depends on use
of reinforcements and schedules to
execute them
: people/
animals learn through consequences
of behavior
Operant Conditioning (cont.)
§ Can help people/animals learn to
combine simple steps/actions into
complex behaviors
§ Operant conditioning occurs when
people/animals have learned to
respond to a certain situation
§ Voluntary responses are conditioned
Skinner’s Experiment (Rats, Food, Levers)
§  Skinner Box
§  Demonstrated reinforcement
§  process by which a stimulus (food) increases
the chances that a preceding behavior (a rat
pressing a lever) will occur again
§  Knowledge of
results is often all the
reinforcement people need to learn new skills
Reinforcement
§ Strengthening a response, increases
chances of behavior being repeated
§ i.e., Dog learning to lay down will
receive a treat from the owner
Types of Reinforcement
§  Increases frequency of
behavior when something’s
presented
§  Person receives something
he or she wants following
the behavior
§  Increases frequency of
behavior when something’s
removed
§  Behavior reinforced because
something unwanted stops
happening or is removed
following the behavior
§  i.e., Put on sunscreen to
avoid sunburn
Rewards and Punishments
§  Like positive reinforcement,
rewards help encourage
learning
§  Some psychologists,
however, prefer positive
reinforcement
§  Quite different from negative
reinforcement
§  Unwanted events that
decrease the frequency of
the behavior they follow
§ When and how often the
reinforcement occurs
§ Effectiveness of
depends on it
reinforcement
§ There are different types of
that can be followed
schedules
Types of Schedules
reinforcement of a behavior every
time it occurs
:
§ Not always practical/possible
: behavior
not reinforced every time it occurs
Interval Schedules
§ fixed amount of
time
must elapse between
reinforcements
§ varying amounts of
time go by between
reinforcements
Review
§  ____________ are unwanted events that decrease the
frequency of the behavior they follow.
a) 
b) 
c) 
d) 
Rewards
Punishments
Negative Reinforcements
Positive Reinforcements
§  ___________ is defined as the strengthening of
a) 
b) 
c) 
d) 
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Classical Conditioning
Adaptation
a response.
Cognitive Factors
in Learning
Cognitive Psychology and Learning
§ Cognitive psychologists focus on
mental aspects of learning
§  interested in what people or animals
know, not just what they do
§ Based on idea that people/animals
learn by thinking or watching others
Cognitive Learning studies…
§ How people obtain info
§ How people process info
§ Problem Solving Ability
Types of Cognitive Learning (
§ Learning that remains hidden until
needed
§ Most psychologists believe that much
learning takes place without
reinforcement
)
Types of Cognitive Learning (
)
§ Knowledge/skills acquired by observing
& imitating others
§ Modeling is a basic form of
imitation
: ability to
learn from the experiences of another
§ Observational learning/modeling account
for much of human learning
Media Violence
§ Television is a major source of
informal observational learning
§ Most health professionals agree that
media violence contributes to
aggression