Download 1 Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes Name Date Organic Chemistry

Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes
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Organic Chemistry Notes
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Organic Chemistry Notes
Slide #4 – Organic Compounds:
1.Organic Compounds – A compound containing
and
2.The most common elements in living things are:
1.
2.
3.Oxygen
4.Nitrogen
3. All organic compounds contain
and
4.Common Organic Compounds:
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.
4.
Slide #5 – Organic or inorganic??:
Organic = has Carbon (C ) and Hydrogen (H)
1. H2O 
7. ClO2 
2. C6H12O6 
8. C10H14N2 
3. CO2 
9. HCl 
4. NaCl 
10. NaOH 
5. CH4 
11. C18H12 
6. C12H22O11 
12. C9H13NO 
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Slide #6 – Carbohydrates:
1.Carbohydrates – Serves as a source of cellular energy (Supply
2.Each composed of Simple
!!)
(Building Block)
3.Often the name end in –ose
1.Ex: Glucose, Sucrose
4.Energy is released in presence of oxygen by
the sugars down into carbon
dioxide and water
5.
may break down starches and complex sugars into simple sugars
Slide #7 – Types of Carbohydrates:
1.Monosaccharide – 1 sugar molecule
2.Disaccaride – 2 sugars bonded together
3.Polysaccaride – 3 or more sugars bonded together
4.
Slide #8 – Types of Carbohydrates:
– large molecules consisting of chains of repeating units
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Slide #9 – Dehydration Synthesis:
1.Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing
1.
molecules
= removing water
2.Synthesis = putting together (combine)
2.Caused by enzymes (speeds up or slows down the rate of reaction)
3.
molecules combine to form a
molecule
4.Dehydration Synthesis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU
Slide #10 – Hydrolysis:
1.Hydrolysis – A water molecule reacts with a chain of sugar molecules to produce two simpler sugars (SPLIT)
2.
3.Caused by
4.
molecule splits to form
molecules
(speeds up or slows down the rate of reaction)
of dehydration synthesis
5.Hydrolysis of Sucrose Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XGiIE9b9QU
Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes
Slide #11 – Lipids:
1.Lipids – fats, oils and waxes
2.Serves as a
energy supply
3.Building block =
acids (a carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached)
Slide #12 – Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids:
1.Saturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with
carbon to carbon bonds
1.Ex. Cholestoral (essential compound found in animal tissue)
2.Unsaturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with
or triple carbon to carbon bonds
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Slide #13 – Proteins:
1.Proteins – used to
and run an organism’s body
2.Amino Acids – structural units of proteins; only 20 different types
1.Sequence of amino acids = Protein
3.Peptide Bonds –
between two amino acids; bonded by dehydration synthesis
4.Its is the shape of the protein and how they fit together with other molecules that determines what proteins
can do
1.Shape =
Slide #14 – Jobs for Proteins:
1.Enzymes – protein
that are necessary for most of the chemical
reactions that occur in living cells
2.Receptor molecules – located on cell membrane and used to
3.Antibodies – proteins in the blood that bind to help
chemical messages
foreign substances in the
body
4.Hormones – secretions of the endocrine glands
Slide #15 – Enzymes:
1.Enzymes - protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells
1.Catalyst – a substance that brings about a reaction without being changed
2.Substrate – substance that an enzyme acts upon
3.Active Site – location where the actual reaction takes place
4.Lock and Key Model – one type of enzyme fits only one type of substrate (molecule).
1.If the shape of the protein is changed, the protein will
longer be able to
2.How Enzymes Work Video - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw
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Slide #16 – Factors affecting Enzymes:
1.
amounts of an enzyme can cause the reaction of large quantities of substrate
2.Very
temperatures cause proteins and enzymes to lose their shape so that they no longer
work properly. This is why high fevers are dangerous.
3.Each enzymes work best at a certain pH
4.Rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on the concentrations of the
5.All can cause
the protein
and
(process in which three-dimensional active site on
longer
the active site of the substrate)
Slide #17 – Nucleic Acids:
1.Nucleic Acid –
material that is passed on from one generation to the next
during reproduction;
and controls the development and activities of all cells
2. contains a 5-carbon
, phosphorous group and a nitrogen base
3.Kinds of Nucleic Acids:
1.Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
2.Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Slide #18 – Nucleic Acids:
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Slide #19 – Structure of DNA & RNA:
1.DNA – a double stranded chain of
that resembles the shape of a twisted ladder
(double helix shape)
2.Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine( C) and Guanine (G)
3.Base Pairing :
1.
2.
1.RNA – a
stranded chain of nucleotides
2.Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C ) and Guanine (G)
3.Base Pairing:
1.A – U
2.C – G
Slide #20 – Nucleic Acid:
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Organic Chemistry Key Ideas
—1.2 h – Many organic and inorganic substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take
place in order to maintain life. Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be
broken down (digested to amino acids and simple sugars respectively), in order to enter cells. Once nutrients
enter a cell, the cell will use them as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—2.1i – The work of the cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles, mostly
proteins. Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains made from 20 different kinds of amino acids in a
specific sequence. This sequence influences the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein, in tern
determines its function.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—5.1c - In all organisms, organic compounds can be used to assemble other molecules such as proteins, DNA,
starch, and fats. The chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—5.1f - Biochemical processes, both breakdown and synthesis, are made possible by a large set of biological
catalysts called enzymes. Enzymes can affect the rates of chemical change. The rate at which enzymes work can
be influenced by internal environmental factors such as pH and temperature.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—5.1g – Enzymes and other molecules, such as hormones, receptor molecules, and antibodies, have specific
shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules.