* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 1 Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes Name Date Organic Chemistry
Protein (nutrient) wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Circular dichroism wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes Name Date Organic Chemistry Notes Period Organic Chemistry Notes Slide #4 – Organic Compounds: 1.Organic Compounds – A compound containing and 2.The most common elements in living things are: 1. 2. 3.Oxygen 4.Nitrogen 3. All organic compounds contain and 4.Common Organic Compounds: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3. 4. Slide #5 – Organic or inorganic??: Organic = has Carbon (C ) and Hydrogen (H) 1. H2O 7. ClO2 2. C6H12O6 8. C10H14N2 3. CO2 9. HCl 4. NaCl 10. NaOH 5. CH4 11. C18H12 6. C12H22O11 12. C9H13NO 1 Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes 2 Slide #6 – Carbohydrates: 1.Carbohydrates – Serves as a source of cellular energy (Supply 2.Each composed of Simple !!) (Building Block) 3.Often the name end in –ose 1.Ex: Glucose, Sucrose 4.Energy is released in presence of oxygen by the sugars down into carbon dioxide and water 5. may break down starches and complex sugars into simple sugars Slide #7 – Types of Carbohydrates: 1.Monosaccharide – 1 sugar molecule 2.Disaccaride – 2 sugars bonded together 3.Polysaccaride – 3 or more sugars bonded together 4. Slide #8 – Types of Carbohydrates: – large molecules consisting of chains of repeating units Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes 3 Slide #9 – Dehydration Synthesis: 1.Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing 1. molecules = removing water 2.Synthesis = putting together (combine) 2.Caused by enzymes (speeds up or slows down the rate of reaction) 3. molecules combine to form a molecule 4.Dehydration Synthesis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU Slide #10 – Hydrolysis: 1.Hydrolysis – A water molecule reacts with a chain of sugar molecules to produce two simpler sugars (SPLIT) 2. 3.Caused by 4. molecule splits to form molecules (speeds up or slows down the rate of reaction) of dehydration synthesis 5.Hydrolysis of Sucrose Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XGiIE9b9QU Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes Slide #11 – Lipids: 1.Lipids – fats, oils and waxes 2.Serves as a energy supply 3.Building block = acids (a carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached) Slide #12 – Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids: 1.Saturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with carbon to carbon bonds 1.Ex. Cholestoral (essential compound found in animal tissue) 2.Unsaturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with or triple carbon to carbon bonds 4 Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes 5 Slide #13 – Proteins: 1.Proteins – used to and run an organism’s body 2.Amino Acids – structural units of proteins; only 20 different types 1.Sequence of amino acids = Protein 3.Peptide Bonds – between two amino acids; bonded by dehydration synthesis 4.Its is the shape of the protein and how they fit together with other molecules that determines what proteins can do 1.Shape = Slide #14 – Jobs for Proteins: 1.Enzymes – protein that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells 2.Receptor molecules – located on cell membrane and used to 3.Antibodies – proteins in the blood that bind to help chemical messages foreign substances in the body 4.Hormones – secretions of the endocrine glands Slide #15 – Enzymes: 1.Enzymes - protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells 1.Catalyst – a substance that brings about a reaction without being changed 2.Substrate – substance that an enzyme acts upon 3.Active Site – location where the actual reaction takes place 4.Lock and Key Model – one type of enzyme fits only one type of substrate (molecule). 1.If the shape of the protein is changed, the protein will longer be able to 2.How Enzymes Work Video - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes 6 Slide #16 – Factors affecting Enzymes: 1. amounts of an enzyme can cause the reaction of large quantities of substrate 2.Very temperatures cause proteins and enzymes to lose their shape so that they no longer work properly. This is why high fevers are dangerous. 3.Each enzymes work best at a certain pH 4.Rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on the concentrations of the 5.All can cause the protein and (process in which three-dimensional active site on longer the active site of the substrate) Slide #17 – Nucleic Acids: 1.Nucleic Acid – material that is passed on from one generation to the next during reproduction; and controls the development and activities of all cells 2. contains a 5-carbon , phosphorous group and a nitrogen base 3.Kinds of Nucleic Acids: 1.Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 2.Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Slide #18 – Nucleic Acids: Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes 7 Slide #19 – Structure of DNA & RNA: 1.DNA – a double stranded chain of that resembles the shape of a twisted ladder (double helix shape) 2.Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine( C) and Guanine (G) 3.Base Pairing : 1. 2. 1.RNA – a stranded chain of nucleotides 2.Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C ) and Guanine (G) 3.Base Pairing: 1.A – U 2.C – G Slide #20 – Nucleic Acid: Biology - Organic Chemistry Notes 8 Organic Chemistry Key Ideas —1.2 h – Many organic and inorganic substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take place in order to maintain life. Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down (digested to amino acids and simple sugars respectively), in order to enter cells. Once nutrients enter a cell, the cell will use them as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—2.1i – The work of the cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles, mostly proteins. Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains made from 20 different kinds of amino acids in a specific sequence. This sequence influences the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein, in tern determines its function. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—5.1c - In all organisms, organic compounds can be used to assemble other molecules such as proteins, DNA, starch, and fats. The chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—5.1f - Biochemical processes, both breakdown and synthesis, are made possible by a large set of biological catalysts called enzymes. Enzymes can affect the rates of chemical change. The rate at which enzymes work can be influenced by internal environmental factors such as pH and temperature. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—5.1g – Enzymes and other molecules, such as hormones, receptor molecules, and antibodies, have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules.