Download Evolution of Ocean Observatories

Towards Optics-Based
Measurements in Ocean
Observatories
Agenda:
•  Evolution of Ocean Observatories; Steven Ackleson, Consortium for Ocean Leadership
•  Data Assimilation and Modeling; Bob Arnone, University of Southern Mississippi
•  Modern Observatory Operations; Collin Roesler, Bowdoin College
•  Systematic Approach to Maintaining High Quality Bio-optical Data Streams in a Coastal
Observing System; Lesley Clementson, CSIRO
•  ARGO System of Profiling Drifters; Emmanuel Boss, University of Maine
•  Data Quality Control; Jeremy Werdell, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Funding graciously supplied by the Marine Alliance for Science & Technology for Scotland
Ocean Observatory (oh-shuh'n uh'b-zur-vuh-tawr-ee)
Complex, interdisciplinary set of observations
Continuous presence of robotic, autonomous systems
Broad range of temporal and spatial scales
Free and timely (often real-time) access to data
Ocean Observing Time Series Activities
Western Channel Biological Observations– English Channel
Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys – North Sea and North Atlantic
1948
Ocean Weather Station Mike – N. Atlantic
1949
CalCOFI Surveys – Southern California Coast
Ocean Weather Station Papa / Line P – N. Pacific
1949
1954
Hydrostation S – Bermuda, Western Atlantic
Helgoland Road Time-Series Station – North Sea 1962
1967
Ocean Observing Satellites – Global Ocean
1884
1931
Motivations:
1980 Western Channel Observatory
1985
Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array (TAO/TRION) – Tropical Pacific
1988
Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) – N. Atlantic Gyre
1988
Hawaiian Ocean Time Series (HOTS) – Central N. Pacific
1988
Dynamics of Atmospheric Fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED) – Ligurian Sea
1989
Ocean Acquisition System for Interdisciplinary Science (OASIS) – Monterrey Bay
1989
Porcupine Abyssal Plain(PAP Site) – N. Atlantic
1995
Cariaco Time Series Project – Caribbean Sea
1996
Indian Ocean Observing System (NIOT/OOS)– Indian Ocean
1997
Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) – Tropical Atlantic
2000
Indian Ocean Monsoon Analysis & Prediction Array (RAMA) – Tropical Indian Ocean
2000
Global Profiling Float Array (Argo) - Global
2001
Irish Sea Coastal Observatory – Irish Sea
2001
Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) – Tropical Atlantic
2001
Line W/Station W – N. Atlantic
2002
Central Irminger Sea – N. Atlantic
E2-M3A – Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean
2002
Operating Costs
Cyprus Coastal Ocean Observing System (CYCOFOS) – Eastern Mediterranean
2002
2005
Gulf of Oman Cabled Observatory– Gulf of Oman
2006
Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time Series Observatory (TENATSO)– Tropical E. Atlantic
2007
Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) – US Coastal
Long-term monitoring
Interdisciplinary problems
Short latencies
Diverse user groups
Extreme conditions
Cost
Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) - Australia
Poseidon E1-M3A – Aegean Sea/ Mediterranean Sea
Days
Dollars
UNOLS
Monterrey Accelerated Research System (MARS) – Monterrey Bay, CA
Neptune Canada – Juan De Fuca Ridge
2007
2007
2008
2009
2010
Dense Ocean-floor Observatory Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) – NW Pacific Floor
2011
2011
Tasman Bay (TASCAM) – New Zealand
China – East China Sea
2011
Arctic Cabled Observatory– Cambridge Bay, Canada 2012
Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) – US Coastal & Global Arrays
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2015
Bermuda Testbed Mooring (1994 – 2007)
~80 km
Bermuda
Testbed
Mooring
Tommy Dickey, UCSB
  Deep-water platform for community-wide
development and testing of interdisciplinary
sensors and systems for observatories
  Time series in support of Bermuda Atlantic
Time Series (BATS)
~4500 m water depth
Bermuda Test Bed Mooring Example: The Passage of a Mesoscale Eddy
  30-days centered on 14 July 1995
  Isotherm doming
  Cold surface
  Warm anomaly between 50 and 1000 m water
depth
  Peak nitrate near 3.0 mmol at 80 m
  Peak Chl-a of 1.4 mg m-3 at 71 m (at the time,
highest recorded since BATS began in 1988)
  Increase in beam c from 0.42 m-1 to 0.7 m-1
  25 to 30 m shoaling of 1% light level
  Doppler shift from inertial period (22.8 hr) to 25.2 hr
  Inertial pumping of cold, nutrient rich waters to
euphotic zone
  Silicic acid depleted (unprecedented observation)
  Estimated new production of 630 mg C m-2 d-1
Reference:
McNeil, J.D., H.W. Jannasch, T. Dickey, D. McGillicuddy, M.
Brzezinski, and C. M. Sakamoto (1999) New chemical, biooptical, and physical observations of upper ocean response to
the passage of a mesoscale eddy off Bermuda, J. Geophys.
Res., 104, 15,537-15,548.
Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO)
07/1996 to 06/1997
65 m ADCP
Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI)
Four high latitude sites
Ocean Station Papa (NW Pacific)
Irminger Sea (North Atlantic)
Argentine Basin
Southern Ocean
Two coastal ocean networks
Endurance Array (Oregon & Washington)
Pioneer Array (North Atlantic Bight)
Regional scale array
Axial Seamount (Juan De Fuca Plate)
Fixed Moorings and Mobile Platforms
Local science
questions
7
drive engineering design,
deployment, and sampling
approaches
By The Numbers:
$386M Construction Project (MREFC)
6 Regional Arrays
48 Instrument Types
764 Simultaneously Deployed Instruments
78 Data Products
25-30 Year Operational Lifetime
Multi-platform approach for observing scales ranging
over 10 orders of magnitude
Moorings, tripod
cable nodes
HF radar
Satellites
AUVs
planes
Drifters, Floats, Gliders
model
Ocean Observing Scales Relative to Modern Societal Issues
Century
Moorings, tripod
cable nodes
HF radar
Satellites
Decade
Temporal Scale
Yr
Sea Level
Fish Stocks
Mo
AUVs
Wk
Sediment
Transport
Day
Anoxia
Pollution/Oil Spills
planes
Storms
Hr
Drifters, Floats, Gliders
Min
model
Sec
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
Spatial Scale (m)
104
105
106
107
Mobile Platforms
Moored Profilers
Profiling Drifters
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Underwater Gliders
Marine Mammals
Sensors
The need for routine observations (key variables) continues to drive sensor
technology towards cheaper, simpler, and more robust instruments.
SeaTech Transmissometer
Wet Labs Seastar
Transmissometer
Glider Payload Bay
Continued to invest in new technologies that are capable of revealing poorly
understood aspects of the ocean environment that are, consequently,
oversimplified within predictive models.
Desktop Flow Cytometer
In Situ Flow Cytometer
(Sosik & Olson)
Underwater Communications
Data transmission, especially underwater, is and will continue to be a bottleneck for
ocean observations due to power and environmental constraints
Acoustic: characterized by water attenuation, path effects, and slow sound speed (1500 m/s)
Wind Speed = 3 kt
Communications
Satellite
Wind Speed = 20 kt
Aircraft or UAV
• 
• 
• 
• 
Long transmission distance (>100 km)
Low transmission rate (< 100 kbits/s)
Commercially-available
Limited to underwater transmission
RF to Shore
Mooring
AUV
Optical: characterized primarily by water absorption
• 
• 
• 
• 
Short transmission distance (< 200 m)
Potentially > 10 Mbits/s
Potential through the surface transmission
Not commercially available yet
Mitigating Approaches
Cable to Shore
In situ data analysis
Intelligent observing systems (don't measure everything everywhere)
Cabled observatories
Cyberinfrastructure
Data Discovery and Distribution
NEPTUNE Canada
NFS OOI Network
NOAA N-Wave Network
Global Lambda Integrated Facility
1940
1950
Emerging International Relationships and Governance
1948: Ocean Weather Ships, illustrated the power of international scientific collaboration
1950: World Meteorological Organization, under UN, provided international framework for coordinating climate research.
1957: International Geophysical Year, set the president for free and timely data access
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1960: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, under UN, provided international framework for coordinating ocean research.
1960-78: Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellites, provided global views of the Earth's natural systems for the first time.
1987: International Geosphere/Biosphere Program, established to coordinate international efforts to determine the impact of human
activities on natural processes.
1992: Global Ocean Observing System, support office established under aegis of IOC and other international environmental groups.
1994: UNCLOS, established an international legal framework defining ocean-related rights and responsibilities of nations.
1999: Joint Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, established by WMO and IOC to coordinate international
activities in oceanographic and atmospheric research.
1999: OceanSITES, international team established to coordinate deep-ocean observations within GOOS.
2005: Group on Earth Observations, established in response to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, conducting
a 10-year effort to develop an integrated Earth observing system of systems (GEOSS).
2007-8: International Polar Year, encouraged continued international cooperation in high-latitude research in the context of climate change.
2009: OceanObs 09, international community agreement on GOOS decadal vision; draft Framework for Ocean Observing
Rapid changes in the natural environment ...
2012 Minimum
30 Year Average Boreal
Summer Sea Ice Extent
Global population is
increasing at a rate of 200
million people per day or
1 billion every 13 years.
50% of the global population lives within 200 km
of the coast
Ocean as a source of increasingly scarce resources:
- Food: Globally, seafood provides more than 1.5 billion
people with almost 20 percent of their average per-capita
intake of animal protein and 3 billion people with at least
15 percent of animal protein.
- Energy: hydrocarbon and alternate sources (wind and
hydrokinetic)
- Minerals
Marine management strategies require science-based decisions that consider
entire ecosystem (land, ocean, and atmosphere).
Societal adjustment will likely be painful!
Then
Now
Coastal
Marine
Spatial
Planning
GEOSS
GOOS
ARGO
CalCoFi
NEPTUNE
OceanSITES
IOOS
US Coastal
Ocean Observing
Systems
OOI
MARS
IMOS
HOTS
EuroSITES
EU Ocean
Observing
Systems
TAO
BATS
Satellites
•  Connectivity
•  Coordination
•  Standards
Future Ocean Observatory Trends
Networked systems (global ocean, atmosphere, terrestrial)
International standards
Increasing complexity
Increasing system autonomy
Observations increasingly defined by societal needs and
assimilated into Earth systems models