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Evolution Unifying the Biological Sciences after Darwin What is Evolution? - define it…. Evolution Definitions • 1. any process of formation or growth; development: the evolution of a language; the evolution of the airplane. • 2. a product of such development; something evolved The exploration of space is the evolution of decades of research. • 3. any similar movement, especially in close order drill. • 4. a process of gradual, peaceful, progressive change or development, as in social or economic structure or institutions. • 5. a motion incomplete in itself, but combining with coordinated motions to produce a single action, as in a machine Evolution Definitions • 6. a pattern formed by or as if by a series of movements: the evolutions of a figure skater. • 7. an evolving or giving off of gas, heat, etc. • 8. Mathematics . the extraction of a root from a quantity. • 9. a movement or one of a series of movements of troops, ships, etc., as for disposition in order of battle or in line on parade. • 10. Biology . change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. Evolution: Fact • Has been observed in a large number of short lived species • Super bugs like Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus • Evolution of E.coli in long term experiments has been ongoing since 1988, had noted a number of genetic alterations and adaptations in the 12 populations it has been studying. Fossil record • Lengthy fossil record indication slow changes in morphology leading to modern species from extinct ones • Evolution of jaws and arm bones Embryology • Large amounts of embryological evidence. • Incredible similarities in developmental sequence and morphological forms. Biochemical Evidence • Volumes of biochemical DNA and other evidence linking modern species to common ancestors. • Pigments in photosynthesis Green algae to plants Domestication and animal breeding • Domestication & trait specific breeding are evolution. • They influence the populations gene pool through selective breeding. http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Evolution+of+dog+from+wolve+youtube&docid=457262059 8739044&mid=B4D259B3579940C48875B4D259B3579940C48875&view=detail&FORM=VIRE7 Evolution as a Theory ? • What is theory in Science? What is law? • Evolution not yet fully understood. • Large body of supporting evidence for Evolution. • EVOLUTION IS A FACT! Evolution as a Theory • Mechanisms of evolution still debated today • Punctuated equilibrium vs. gradual changes Important points on evolution • Is a change in the gene pool of a population • It effects the frequency of existing alleles (variation) in a population to produce changes over time • Mutations are a source of new variation, not the mechanism of evolution • Survival, Growth and Reproduction Seriation Activity • Put the Ford Cars into a Chronology as a table group. • For each car relative to the next in the series name one thing that stayed the same and one thing that changed in the cars morphology. • Looking at the series what trends do you notice, how have cars evolved in the last century? • Name at least five characteristics that define all cars as cars. • Name five changes that have evolved and been passed on to the next generation of cars Seriation Activity • Would you say that the evolution of cars is more gradualism or punctuated equilibrium? Explain • What do you think influenced the Survival Growth and Reproduction of these traits in cars? • How is car evolution similar to biological evolution? How is it different? • Was it difficult to sort out the chronological order based on morphology? Car Chronology Seriation Answers Car Chronology Seriation Answers Car Chronology Seriation Answers Car Chronology Seriation Answers • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1896 1902 1909 1915 1922 1932 1940 1956 1965 1970 1980 1990 2010 Darwin and the development of natural selection as a Theory for the mechanism of evolution • Precursors of Darwin • Voyage of the Beagle • Years of research and establishing a reputation • Hesitancy to publish and resistance of the scientific community • What was Darwin missing? • Support for his ideas Darwin Stood on the Backs of Giants • Deep Time !!! • Hotly debated topic in science it was the evolution of its day • James Hutton (1726-1797) and Charles Lyell (1797-1875) • Studied Geography and other natural phenomena such as the forces of wind, water, earthquakes and volcanoes. • They determined that The Earth is very old and has changed slowly over time due to natural processes. • 4.6 Billion years Old! – we know this through Carbon Dating Carl Linnaeus • 1707-1778 • Father of Taxonomy • Developed a classification of plants based on sexual morphology out of the need to classify the large number of plants brought to Europe by the voyages of discovery • Deeply religious believing in a fixity of species • Abandoned fixity of species as evidence mounted against it and proposed hybridization as a mechanism of change Erasmus Darwin • 1731-1802 • Erasmus Darwin was a respected physician, philosopher, botanist, and naturalist. • Suggested that competition between individuals could lead to changes in species. • Charles Darwin’s grandfather Jean Baptiste Lamarck • 1744-1829 • Proposed a mechanism for evolution. • He hypothesized that living things evolve through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Thomas Malthus • 1766-1834 • Demographer observed that human populations cannot keep growing indefinitely. • If the birth rate continued to exceed the death rate, eventually humans would run out of living space and food. • Famine, disease and war prevented endless population growth. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations made during his voyage on the Beagle, and of selective breeding of farm animals, plants and pets. • Darwin drafted manuscripts outlining his theory in the 1840’s but hesitated to release them to the public. • His most famous work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was published in 1859. Voyage on the Beagle • At the age of 21 Charles Darwin joined the crew of the HMS Beagle as a naturalist • He spent five years collecting geological and biological samples of for study these included a number of fossils from South America and the now famous Galapagos finches South American Fossils • Darwin studied fossils he found in South America specifically Megatherium comparing it to modern Sloth's and Armadillos Sloth Evolution Darwin’s Finches • Galapagos Finches varies from island to island and the variations seemed to correspond to food availability on the islands • Each population held much in common with each other and the mainland finches he had collected. Home again • After returning home he spent a number of years compiling the data he had collected on his trip • 1838 read the work of Thomas Malthus • 1842 and 1844 wrote two manuscripts outlining his theory of evolution by natural selection. • Worked on the classification of barnacles and developed his reputation as a good scientist through this meticulous work. Hybrids Assignment • What are they? • Research an example of a hybrid • Write or type a paragraph about your hybrid • http://poultry.allotment.org.uk/breeds/hybri d-or-pure/hybrid-chickens • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0KOm A0VWJo Darwin’s Survival of the Fittest Key Points • Overproduction: more offspring are produced by an organism than can possibly survive • Competition: high birth rates cause a shortage of life’s necessities leading to competition between organisms • Variation: each individual differs from all other members of its species Darwin’s Survival of the Fittest Key Points • Adaptation: organisms to become better suited to their environment • Natural selection: the most fit (best adapted) organisms survive to grow, and reproduce • Speciation: formation of new species from ancestral species Refusal to Publish • Fear of public humiliation and rejection by the scientific community of the day due to the controversial nature of his ideas. • Knew of 2 major problems he knew about in his theory. • 1) He was unable to explain the origin of the variation within populations that natural selection acted upon. • 2) The mechanism of the transmission of variation from one generation to the next was unknown. (He was missing Mendel’s pieces) Alfred Russell Wallace • 1823-1913 • Proposed a theory of evolution by natural selection similar to that of Darwin. • Wrote a letter and sent it to Darwin and other scholars to review. This spurred Darwin to finally agree to the release of his theory. • In 1858 Charles Lyell presented Darwin’s 1844 essay and Wallace’s paper to the public. Thomas Huxley (1825-1895) • • • • Darwin’s Bull dog Botanist, and anatomist Firmly Backed Darwin’s theory 1860 debate with Samuel Wilberforce was a turning point in the acceptance of Darwin's theories • Coined the term Agnostic 6 Key points of Darwin's Theory? I. Overproduction II. Competition III. Variation IV. Adaptation V. Natural Selection VI. Speciation Overproduction • All species produce more offspring than can possibly survive. • All organisms must have space and resources for survival. • Not all offspring will meet these needs. • For the next generation to continue the species, enough individuals must survive to reproduce. Competition • • • • High birth rates cause necessary resources for life are in short supply. Competition between organisms for resources is the result Intra Specific = Competition is within a single species Inter Specific = Competition is between species Variation • All populations contain a natural variation between individuals (just look around the room) • This is less in species that reproduce asexually • Variations in species arises from mutations in DNA (creates new alleles) • Mutations arise randomly and are not goal directed, but may change both structure and function in an organisms morphology. Adaptation • Organisms (populations) become better suited to their environment over time. • Because the environment changes present organisms are often best suited to past environments • Environmental factors filter heritable variations, causing adaptations (favorable variations) to accrue through generations. Camouflage as an adaptation • Insect Camouflage • http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tut orial/Ecology/camo/index.htm Natural Selection • Individuals with favorable heritable adaptations gain greater advantages (S.G.R) • These individuals due to their greater “fitness” tend to produce more offspring • Over time Nature selects for advantageous adaptations and they come to dominate in the populations variation Speciation • Given enough time new species will form from earlier ones on the basis of natural selection and reproductive isolation • . Questions for Discussion and Presentation 1. How does the biological definition of evolution differ from a more general definition of evolution? What are a few of the observable phenomenon that give evidence for evolution? 2. What is factual about evolution and what is theory? What does theory mean in Science vs. a scientific law? 3. Name 3 Individuals who influenced Darwin’s theories and what they theorized? How did their theories influence Darwin? 4. Name the 6 key points of Darwin’s theory and explain how they can lead to new species? (as best you can we will cover this in more detail) Mimic Octopus • http://www.videobash.com/v ideo_show/mimic-octopus5981 Adaptations and Fitness • • • • • There are 3 types of adaptations Behavioral Physiological Structural These adaptations increase the Fitness of the individual giving advantages in S.G.R • Over generations these advantages can lead to new different populations, that may given enough time lead to speciation Structural • Refers to all adaptations that effect the arrangement of the physical features of an organism • Blow holes on whales and dolphins • Loss of Ears in Seals • The Carotid Rete of the Oryx • Gills, Teeth , Jaws, Limbs • Camouflage • Mimicry Physiological Adaptations • Refer to all adaptations that involve Metabolic changes in in the Organism • Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus • Pesticide Resistant Bugs • GMO Canola (human induced) • ASA (secondary metabolite) • Hibernation in Ground Squirrels Behavioral Adaptations • Refer to all adaptations that revolve around how organisms respond to their environments • Migrations • Prey Selections • Mating Rituals • Nesting Habits • Hibernation in Bears and Garter Snakes • Mimicry in in Octopus • Deciduous Trees Acclimatization • When organisms becomes accustomed to changing environmental conditions. • It is not the product of natural selection. • Results no change in the gene pool of the species. • E.g. The difference in how we feel temperature in Spring and Fall Natural Selection • Natural selection acts by elimination of un-fit individuals from the gene pool (essentially they don’t reproduce) • This does not mean that they could not survive and grow to their full potential. • Adaptation is a result of evolution • Species that are well adapted survive to reproduce. • Natural selection acts only on existing Variations and in no way leads to perfect species. Natural Selection leads to two main types of evolution • Micro-Evolution Changes within a species over time Macro-Evolution • Changes over long periods of time that result in new species Examples of How Natural Selection Leads to New Populations • Industrial Melanism • Pesticide Resistant Insects • Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Industrial Melanism • H.B Kettlewell studied the changes in the Peppered Moth populations in the UK During the Industrial revolution. • He noted that there was a shift in the variation in the populations coloring based on changes to their habitat from the burning of coal in factories nearby. Pesticide Resistant Insects • Resistant Insects have a genetic mutation that inhibits the pesticides action on them allowing them to survive • Only the survivors contribute to the next generation so all are resistant • Pesticide refuges are a proposed solution to slow the development of resistant bugs Natural Selection Vs Artificial Selection Natural Selection. • Environmental factors select what adaptations are favorable • Tends to be slow except in cases if catastrophes Artificial Selection • Humans select for specific traits • Usually based on Inbreeding • Rapid Change (relative to generational length) • Like a catastrophe with every generation Hardy Weinberg and Genetic Equilibrium • • • • • Hardy Weinberg Equation p2+2pq+q2 = 1 p = Proportion of dominant allele q = Proportion of recessive allele If the equation is equal to 1 NO evolution is occurring • This means that a population is in Genetic Equilibrium Conditions For Genetic Equilibrium 1. No Mutation (new alleles) 2. No Immigration into or out of the population 3. Population is Too Big to be affected by random chance 4. All reproduction is totally random 5. All forms of the allele must reproduce equally ( no reproductive advantage) Note: all are in reference to a single trait Conditions That Can Alter a Gene Pool • • • • Natural selection Non-Random Mating Immigration/Emmigration Genetic Drift, Bottle Necks and Founders Effects • Mutations Divergent and Convergent Evolution: Divergent evolution • AKA Adaptive Radiation • The process in which an ancestral species gives rise to a number of new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions. • Occurs when a species colonizes a new environment. • Unoccupied ecological niches are filled • Or other species are pushed out of at least some part of their niche. • We will come back to this! Convergent evolution • The process in which different organisms that live in similar habitats become more alike in appearance and behavior. • Due to similar environmental pressures, analogous structures (functionally similar adaptations) develop in different species. • Species that have similar structures due to retention from a common ancestor, have homologous structures. • For example… Analogous or Homologous? Analogous or Homologous? Analogous or Homologous? Analogous or Homologous? Analogous or Homologous? Analogous or Homologous? Analogous or Homologous? Analogous or Homologous? Analogous and Homologous Analogous or Homologous? Unit Test Friday • • • • • • Definitions, Theory Vs. Fact (evidence) People and their contributions Darwin's Key points Adaptations vs. Acclimatization How survival of the fittest acts on populations Analogy vs. Homology • p Debate Questions • Do you think humans should be manipulating the genetics of organisms for out benefits? GMO and Domestication • Should we use antibacterial paints in hospitals? • Do you think We should continue to remove jungles for agriculture? consider the biodiversity and its benefits (antibiotics and drugs) vs. the need for food for humans