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Transcript
Site of most chemical reactions in the cell The Levels of organization Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). All matter is made up of atoms. ATOMS The small units of matter Made up of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Atoms are smaller than cells Pure substances made up of only one type of atom -Major 4 elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (C) (H) (O) (N) COMPOUNDS • combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions – Ex: water, salt, glucose, carbon dioxide Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon usually (exceptions: CO and CO2) Types: Water Salts Acids Bases Organic Compounds Always contain C and H Usually have O and N May contain P and S Associated with life: bodies of organisms, remains, waste Four Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids The smallest part of a compound that has the properties of that compound. Example: H2O Atoms of the same element that bond in pairs to become stable. H2 O2 N2 Never found in nature as single atoms. FORMULAS • • • Chemical symbols and numbers that make up a compound ("recipe") Structural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded Molecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for a compound C6H12O6 THE PROTON • Fat (heavy) + p • Positive (charge) • Doesn’t move (lazy) THE NEUTRON ° N • Fat (heavy) • Neutral (charge) • Doesn’t move (lazy) THE ELECTRON • Skinny (very light) e • Negative (charge) • Moves a lot (runs around) Review: Subatomic Particles + p ° N e- The outermost electrons of an element. Valence electrons are the most reactive and are involved in chemical bonding. http://www.Chemicool Periodic Tablechemicool.com/ • Hold atoms in molecule together • 3 types of chemical bonds: – IONIC – COVALENT – HYDROGEN • 1 or more electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another • If atom loses an electron: POSITIVE charge • If atom gains an electron: NEGATIVE charge • These newly charged atoms are now called IONS – Example: NaCl (SALT) • Electrons are SHARED by atoms • New structures that result are called MOLECULES SHARING IS CARING! Which type of bond? Covalent or ionic? Which type of bond? Covalent or Ionic? Valence Electrons bonding that involves electronegative attraction between H atoms 1) Universal solvent 2) Medium for chemical reactions 3) Raw material for chemical reactions 4) Transport medium Penny Activity • Obtain a penny and a pipette with H2O • Your goal is to place as many drops of water on the surface of the penny without spilling the H2O. • Place drops on the penny one at a time and keep track (be honest) of how many you place on the penny. • Record your results in your notes. Penny Activity • Why were you able to place so many drops of water on the penny? • What type of bond might be involved? • What are adhesion and cohesion? • Did the side of the penny affect your results? Contain C, H, O Ratio of H and O is 2:1 Most end in “ose” Building Block = Monosaccharide Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose Galactose Mono=one C6H12O6 Same Molecular Formula Different Structural Formulas Di=two Molecules formed by joining two monosaccharides Glucose + Glucose Glucose + Fructose Glucose + Galactose Maltose Sucrose Lactose C12H22O11 Poly=many Long chain of joined monosaccharides (Sugar Polymer) Organisms store excess glucose as polysaccharides Plants store as STARCH Animals store as GLYCOGEN Examples: cellulose, chitin 1) Quick energy source 2) Make cell structures (cell walls) How are complex carbohydrates formed and broken down? Maltose (Disaccharide) Process that joins molecules by removing water H2O H HO GlucoseMaltose Glucose Process that breaks down molecules by H O 2 adding water. Fats Oils Waxes Contain C, H, O Less O then found in Carbohydrate 1 Glycerol Building Blocks = & 3 Fatty Acids 1) Reserve energy source (9 calories/gram) 2) Component of cell structures (example: Cell Membrane) 3) Insulation and Cushioning Lipids are found in the cell membrane of cells. Contains C, H, O, N Sometimes contains S and P Building Block = Amino Acids Amino Acid consists of: 1) Central C atom 2) Carboxyl group 3) Amino group 4) H atom 5) Representative group ® Amino Acid R=H (Glycine) R = CH3 (Alanine) What is the R group in this compound? AN R GROUP IS ANY GROUP OF ATOMS – THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN! ________ Peptide Bond H 2O What is the name of this process? Polypeptide Protein consisting of three or more amino acids joined together 1) Structural Parts (hair, nails, cartilage) 2) Pigments (blood, skin, eyes) 3) Contractile Material (muscle tissue) 4) Antibodies (protect against infection) 5) Hormones (Chemical messengers) 6) Enzymes (control chemical reactions) 7) Energy Source (4 calories/gram) Contains C, H, O, N, P Two Types: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) DNA – Hereditary Material RNA – Controls activities and development of cells Building Block = Nucleotide Nucleotide consists of: 1) Five carbon sugar 2) Phosphate group P 3) Nitrogen base adenine thymine (DNA only) guanine cytosine uracil (RNA only) A T G C U A T G C G C T A C G A T A T T A G C C G C G G C DNA G C A U U A C G C G U A A U C G G C U A A U C G RNA DNA RNA Double Stranded Single Stranded Deoxyribose Ribose Thymine Uracil T A P P A T P P C G P P G P C P Base Pair Rule A T G C ACIDS & BASES • Acids: Begin with "H-" (excess of H+ ions: hydrogen) – Ex: lemon juice (6), stomach acid (1.5), acid rain (4.5), normal rain (6) Facts about Acids • Acids turn litmus paper RED and usually taste SOUR. • You eat acids daily (coffee, vinegar, soda, spicy foods, etc…) ACIDS & BASES • Bases: end with -OH (excess of hydroxide ions: Oxygen & Hydrogen) – EX: oven cleaner, bleach, ammonia, sea water, blood, pure water Facts about Bases • Bases turn litmus BLUE. • Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER. Neutralization Reactions • When an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water. pH SCALE • measures degree of substance alkalinity or acidity • Ranges from 0 to 14 • 0 – 5 strong acid • 6-7 neutral • 8-14 strong base Effects of Acid Rain • The goal of the body is to maintain HOMEOSTASIS – to do this when pH is concerned, we add weak acids & bases to prevent sharp changes in pH. • These are called BUFFERS Homeostasis: relatively stable internal environment a.k.a: dynamic equilibrium Protein substance …made on ribosomes Control all chemical reactions in organisms Not changed by the reaction Can be used again Referred to as an “organic catalyst” Lower activation energy (NRG needed to start Rx) Substrate: Substance enzymes works on Dr. David R. Howard, Asst. Prof. Univ. of Wisconsin La Crosse Usually ends in “ase” Name often comes from substrate Examples: Maltase (Maltose Glucose) Protease (Breaks down proteins) Lipase (Breaks down lipids) Temporary union of the enzyme and substrate at the “active site” Active Site: - Area of an enzyme - Substrate molecule fits in shape of active site - Active sites are specific for substrates igure 8.16 Substate Active site Enzyme (a) Enzyme- substrate complex Figure 8.16 (b) Enzymes work on specific substrates Reason: specific active site on enzyme Example: Lactase only breaks down Lactose Maltase only breaks down Maltose Cellulase only breaks down cellulose 1) Small amounts of enzymes can cause the reaction of large amounts of substrates 2) Enzymes allow cell reactions to occur at “normal” temperatures 3) Enzymes work best at specific temperatures Optimal Temperature is when enzyme is most effective Denaturation: Deformation of active site due to high temperature 4) Enzymes work best at certain pH Human Examples: Amylase pH 8 Pepsin pH 2 Trypsin pH 8 5) Rate of an enzyme controlled reaction depends on the concentration of enzymes and substrates. - more enzymes faster the rate of reaction - maximum rate (enzymes = substrates) ** When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off** 6) Some enzymes need coenzymes to function Coenzymes: - are not proteins - may be part of enzyme molecule or a separate molecule - may be altered during E-S Complex, but return to original form after reaction - may be vitamin or made from vitamin 7) Most enzymes functions inside cells, some functions outside - all enzymes are made by cells - digestive enzymes function outside cells Enzymes (and beyond …) • Inhibitors—reduce the productivity of enzymes as seen to the right with herbicides. . . . .