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Cellular Respiration – Chapter 8 I. Cellular Respiration Basics A. Importance 1. Breakdown of high energy molecules to release energy 2. All living organisms require energy to maintain life processes 3. aerobic respiration = requires oxygen 4. anaerobic respiration = does not require oxygen (yeast, bacteria) 5. some organisms produce their own “high energy” food molecules (autotrophic – “producers – plants, some bacteria) while other obtain their food molecules from other sources (heterotrophic – animals, fungi) B. Coenzymes – smaller, non protein organic molecules that act as “shuttle” molecules carrying substances from one enzyme catalyzed reaction to another 1. some carry electrons (FAD, NAD+, FMN, coenzyme Q) 2. ATP carries phosphate groups 3. H carrying coenzymes (NAD+) II. Chemical Reactions of Cellular Respiration A. Overall reaction C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP) 1. four sets of reactions 2. occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria (cristae – inner membrane) 3. oxidation/reduction reaction (LEO goes GER!!!) 4. exergonic – energy releasing (products are at a lower energy than the reactants) B. Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules = C3H4O3) 1. occurs in the cytoplasm 2. does not require oxygen 3. occurs in 8 different reactions 4. net production of 2 pyruvates, 2 molecules of ATP, 2NADH) 5. input of glucose and 2 ATP and 2 NAD+) C. Transition (preparation for the citric acid cycle) reaction 1. pyruvate is changed into acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 2. Coenzyme A, pyruvate, and NAD+ enter the reaction 3. Acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) = C2H3O + CO2 + NADH leave the reaction D. Kreb’s cycle or Citric Acid cycle 1. a series of enzyme mediated reactions linked to each other in which several carbon chain intermediates are produces (C6, C5, C4) 2. First intermediate formed is Citrate (Citric acid cycle) 3. Acetyl Co-A enters the cycle and bonds with oxaloacetate (C4) C6 4. 9 separate reactions 5. cycle occurs twice for each glucose metabolized 6. each cycle produces 2 CO2 molecules and 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation – enzyme controlled) 7. each cycle releases 3 NADH + H and 1 FADH2 8. occurs in the mitochondrial matrix E. Electron transport and chemiosmotic ATP synthesis 1. occurs in the cristae membrane 2. NADH and FADH2 shuttle their H atoms and release them at the membrane 3. H+ are pushed through the membrane into the space between the outer and inner membrane (H+ reservoir) 4. e- move from one carrier to another in the cristae membrane 5. final e- pair acceptor is O2 6. when the proper pH is reached, the ATP synthase complex opens – H+ rush through – energy is harnessed to make ATP III. Anaerobic cellular respiration – without oxygen A. Alcoholic fermentation 1. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2CO2 + 2ATP 2. yeast – fungus (unicellular) B. Lactic acid fermentation 1. C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP 2. bacteria, human muscles IV. Alternate metabolic pathways A. Carbohydrates are metabolized first, then lipids, then proteins last 1. Lipids contain at least 2x more energy than carbohydrates B. Lipids 1. lipids are broken down into their monomers: glycerol and fatty acids 2. glycerol enter glycolysis through several of the intermediates 3. fatty acids may be converted into acetyl-CoA C. Proteins 1. proteins are broken down into their monomers: amino acids 2. amino acids may be deaminated and then converted into: pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, various intermediates of the Citric Acid cycle D. Catabolism vs Anabolism 1. catabolism – break down of large, high energy molecules to release energy (exergonic) 2. anabolism – synthesizing large, high energy molecules from simpler components (requires energy – endergonic) 3. Catabolism drives anabolism 4. Metabolic pool