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3.2: Carbon Compounds • All of the many compounds can be classified in TWO broad categories: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. • The Chemistry of Carbon = Chemistry of Life ORGANIC • Containing mostly …… •CARBON • They are covalently bonded to another carbon atom and to other elements as well typically hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen • -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C II. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior A. Outer shell of carbon has ____ electrons; but can hold ____ B. Each carbon atom can form __________ bonds with up to _________ atoms Carbon atoms can form _______________ or ______________ • ______________ can project from the ring or chain Examples of Functional Groups ---gives properties Hydroxyl group - OH (alcohol) Amino group - NH3+ Carboxyl group - COOH Phosphate group - PO3- Methyl group - CH3 F. Carbon’s tendency to _______________ results in an enormous variety of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon can share two or even three pairs of electrons with another atom a) SINGLE BOND - A bond formed when two atoms share ONE pair of electrons. b) DOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO pairs of electrons. c) TRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE pairs of electrons. STRONGEST!!! IV. LARGE CARBON MOLECULES A. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called _______________ (building blocks) (MONO = ONE) B. Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as _________________ (POLY = MANY) C. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units, forming large polymers called ______________________ (MACRO = LARGE) V. Types of Reactions 1. Condensation Reaction AKA-Dehydration Synthesis 2. Hydrolysis 1) Condensation Reactions (Dehydration Synthesis) small to big MAKE A CHAIN< MAKE IT RAIN!!!! a) Monomers link to form ______________ and water is produced. -H2O is a by-product of the reaction c) Enzymes remove from one molecule, from another Water is held together by a polar covalent bond CONDENSATION (dehydration synthesis) enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4a, p. 37 2) Hydrolysis (hydro-lys-is) a) The _________________ of complex molecules, such as polymers b) SPLITTING of a WATER molecule to ADD -OH group and an H bonds break that hold polymers together PUT THE WATER BACK IN!!!!! HYDROLYSIS enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4b, p. 37 DO NOW: Turn to front of notes and do the first set (a-h), match left side to right side recap from Way back when….. Thursday/Friday 3.3 MOLECULES OF LIFE Four categories of organic (Biochemical) compounds: Organic means…….containing _______!!! • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids Human Body Oxygen 65% Carbon 18% Hydrogen 10% Nitrogen 3% Calcium 2% Phosphorus 1.1% Sulfur 0.25% Sodium 0.15% Chlorine 0.15% Magnesium 0.05 Iron 0.004% What is the difference between structural formula and molecular formula? • Molecular Formula: H2O – The way it is written formula describing its molecules • Structural Formula: H – O – H – The way it looks (arrangement) – Mickey mouse 1. Carbohydrates: sugars and starches contain C, H, and O in the ratio of CH2O -carbo (C) hydrate (H2O) a) monomers of sugars (simple sugars) - “1” Sugar 1) eg: Glucose (manufactured by plants) Fructose (found in fruits) Both are C6H12O6 ( remember CH2O) - If end in –ose……probably a sugar 2) ____________: has the same molecular formula but a different structural formula 3) Used for _______________________ b) Disaccharides – two sugar C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O What type of reaction?? dehydration synthesis – combining of 2 monomers (monosaccharides) by squeezing out a H20 1) EXAMPLES of disaccharides sucrose (glucose + fructose = table sugar) maltose (2 glucose) 2) bond between two monosaccharides is called a ___________________ bond C-O-C 3) a disaccharide contains __________energy than the two units it is composed of (bc of bond) c) _________________ – 3 or more monosaccharides complex carbohydrates, starches, cellulose, chitin 1) most abundant of carbohydrates (pasta, bread) 2) thousands of _____________ units bonded together by dehydration synthesis = type of: ____________________________ 3) energy storage molecules plants = animals = “animal starch” Glycogen • Sugar storage form in _____________ • Large storage in _______ and _______ cells -STABLE LEVEL OF INTERNAL CONDITIONS? • When blood sugar decreases, liver cells _____________ glycogen, releasing a _____________ to increase blood sugar. (What reaction?) ReCap 1) 2) 3) 4) Monomer of a sugar (one sugar)? Two sugars? Many sugars? Bond name holding monomers of sugar together? 5) How do we break apart a polysaccharide? 6) Humans store sugar as? (animal starch) 2. Lipids A) Composed of C, H, and O b) Ratio of C to H to O higher than in carbohydrates c) Defined based on their solubility: 1) they are insoluble in ___________ 2) they are soluble in ____________ d) Primary function – to store large amounts of energy (twice as much energy as carbs and proteins due to all the CARBONHYDROGEN BONDS e) Secondary functions of lipids: 1. structural components eg. phospholipids - major building block in cell membranes 2. "messengers" (hormones) that play roles in communications within and between cells 3. insulation and padding f) Monomers of Lipids are: The fatty acids are composed of linked CH2 units Fatty Acids building blocks of: Lipids (fats, waxes, phospholipids, but not sterols) 1) Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end Methyl (CH3 ) group at the other end 2) Carbon (CH2) backbone (up to 36 C atoms) 4) Saturated - __________ bonds between carbons _________ at room temperature 5) Unsaturated – One ________ bond (bent) ________ at room temperature 6) Polyunsaturated – more than one __________ bond (really bent) _________ at room temp. Three Fatty Acids 9) Phospholipids • Main components of cell membranes • Has a phosphate group and two fatty acids Phosphate group Phospholipid Bilayer 10) Waxes • Long-chain fatty acids linked to long chain alcohols or carbon rings • Firm consistency, repel water • Important in water-proofing • Ex: earwax 3. Nucleic Acids Includes DNA and RNA DNA strand What are the monomers of nucleic acids? • DNA deoxyribonucleic acid • Holds genetic info • Double stranded • RNA ribonucleic acid • Holds instructions to make proteins • Single stranded Nucleotide Structure made up of Three Parts: 1) Sugar –Ribose or deoxyribose 2) Phosphate group 3) Nitrogen Base -A, T, G, C, U ATP - A Nucleotide A special nucleotide base three phosphate groups sugar ATP I. = ATP - energy currency of cell A. Temporarily stores large amounts of energy in phosphate bonds B. Regulates many biological pathways C. is made in a process called nucleic acids D. ATP is a monomer of __________ made up of three components 1) = nitrogen containing base 2) = 5 carbon sugar • What is ribose’s molecular formula? – What is the ratio again….. 3) 3 inorganic How ATP releases ENERGY • When break a ______________ group off by _________________ • It becomes _______ (adenosine DIphosphate • And ___________________ energy II. = ADP A. Adenine - ribose- P ~ P B. When the last phosphate group is released from ATP, ADP is formed. ATP ----> ADP + P + energy Recap!! • • • • Monomer of Nucleic acids are….. Name the three groups in one monomer… Nucleic acids primary function is to …… What process puts these monomers together to form long chains…. • What process breaks down ATP for energy….. 4. Proteins A. Most complex and important substances in living organisms B. Composed of C, H, O, N C. Monomer of a protein is: D. Types of Proteins: 1) structural (makes up) – parts of cells, tissues, collagen and elastin 2) movement – in muscle; myosin and actin 3) hormones – insulin and growth factor 4) transport – hemoglobin 5) defense – immunoglobin 6) enzymes – largest group of proteins; regulate reactions (organic catalyst) E. Amino Acid amino group carboxyl group R group – 20 different kinds with distinct properties 1) Properties of Amino Acids a) Determined by the “R group” b) there are 20 different Amino Acids tyrosine (tyr) lysine (lys) glutamate (glu) glycine (gly) valine (val) phenylalanine (phe) methionine (met) proline (pro) Fig. 3.12, p. 42 2) Protein Synthesis A Protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N-C) • Peptide bond: – Type of covalent bond – Links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next – Forms through condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) newly forming polypeptide chain Fig. 3.14, p. 43 If there are only 20 amino acids, how are there so many types of proteins? • The sequence (arrangement) of amino acids • The kinds of amino acids present • The number of amino acids in a protein Protein Synthesis • Two linked amino acids = dipeptide • Three or more amino acids= polypeptide • Protein – two or more polypeptide chains Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 Peptide Bonds aa4 aa5 aa6 Protein Shapes • Fibrous proteins – Polypeptide chains arranged as strands or sheets • Globular proteins – Polypeptide chains folded into compact, rounded shapes Denaturation • Disruption of three-dimensional shape • Breakage of weak bonds • Causes of denaturation: – pH – Temperature • Destroying protein shape disrupts function Substrate reactant being catalyzed Lock and Key mechanism Enzyme is present at beginning and end of reaction!!! A + enzyme B+C Answer the following: 1. What carbohydrate is energy storage in plants? 2. What do 2 amino acids make? 3. What reaction holds 2 monomers together? 4. What lipid has 3 fatty acids and a glycerol? 5. Why are some hormones lipids? 6. What are the 3 parts to a nucleotide? 7. What part of an amino acid differs? 8. What can cause an amino acid to denature?