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Polymer
Protein
Monomer
Amino Acid
Structure
Central carbon
Amine group
(NH2)
Carboxylic acid
group (O=C-OH
Function
Work force
Example
Enzymes,
transport,
defense, support,
locomotion,
regulation
energy
Glucose,
fructose, lactose,
oligosaccharides,
starch, cellulose,
chitin, glycogen
Why is the structure of proteins important?
Shape is integral to function
What do chaperone proteins do?
Ensure proteins fold into proper shapes
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide
(CH2O)
Equal parts
carbon and water
Why is glucose important?
It is the bodies preferred source of energy. All metabolic pathways are tailors to glucose.
What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch is short term energy (built to be broken) made with alpha glucose and alpha linkages.
Cellulose is long term structural energy (made to last) made with beta glucose and beta linkages
(we don’t have the enzymes to break these bonds).
Lipid
No true
Hydrocarbon
Fats, oil, waxes
Phospholipids,
monomer
chains
triglycerides,
pigments,
cholesterol,
steroids, vitamins
What is the chemical difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fats are saturated with respect to hydrogen. They tend to exist as solids at room
temperature because they can pack more densely
Unsaturated fats are not saturated with respect to hydrogen because they contain a double bond
between carbons. They tend to exist as liquids at room temperature because they cannot pack as
densely.
Trans fats are also unsaturated with respect to hydrogen and contain double bonds. These fats
tend to pack densely and be solid at room temperature because the functional groups are on
opposite sides of the double bond. These are commonly called partially hydrogenated fats.
Sketch membrane lipids and label their polarity.
Polar heads and non-polar tails. The heads face the water inside and outside the cell. The tails are
sequestered in the interior (like jelly in a sandwich) where they do not have to interact with
water.
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides
Pentose sugar,
phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
Storage of
genetic
information,
energy currency,
electron carriers
DNA and RNA
ATP
NAD and
FADH2
Why is DNA double stranded and RNA single stranded?
The 2’ hydroxyl group on the pentose sugar of RNA keeps it from being able to be double
stranded. This hydroxyl is missing on DNA and the opening allows DNA to form a double helix.
What 2 types of bonds are present in DNA and what is being bonded?
Covalent bonds bond individual nucleotides together.
Hydrogen bonds bond the 2 separate strands on DNA together.