* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Molecules of life
Survey
Document related concepts
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chemical Building blocks of life Raven Chp 3 Biochemistry Biological molecules Molecules that are only made by living things Most are macromolecules Types Bio molecules all based on CARBON Carbon has 4 unpaired electrons, makes 4 covalent bonds Hydrocarbon chain carbon-hydrogen chains Shorthand for Carbon hydrogen chain Functional groups attach to carbon chain Determine specific functions Isomers Organic molecules exist in different forms but have same chemical formula Stereo isomers are mirror images Chiral molecules Mirror image isomers of carbon D form – Dextrorotary (right handed) L form – Levorotary (left handed) Biological molecules usually only are one or other L- Amino acids D - sugars 2 forms for all biomolecules Polymer form – chains Monomer form – single unit Types of biomolecules Carbohydrates – starch, glycogen, cellulose Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA Proteins – structure, function Lipids – fats, phospholipids, steroids Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Monomer = monosaccharide Sugars and Starches and cellulose Function - Store energy and cell structure Easily available energy Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Monosaccharides = One Simple sugars C6H12O6 (ratio 1:2:1) Ex. Glucose, fructose and galactose Each type sugar has formula C6H12O6 1:2:1 ratio Sugars are found in RING shape in nature Structural Isomers Have same formula, but different molecular structure Other sugars Alcohol sugars – sugar substitute Contain calories, but metabolized differently Ex. Xylitol Other alcohol sugars Ingredient Sweetness GI Cal/g Sucrose (sugar) 100% 60 4 Maltitol Syrup 75% 52 3 Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate 33% 39 2.8 Maltitol 75% 36 2.7 Xylitol 100% 13 2.5 Isomalt 55% 9 2.1 Sorbitol 60% 9 2.5 Lactitol 35% 6 2 Mannitol 60% 0 1.5 Erythritol 70% 0 0.2 Disaccharides = two Double sugar Ex. Sucrose = glucose + fructose Dehydration synthesis – Water byproduct during bond formation Other disaccharides Glucose + Glucose = maltose Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + galactose = Lactose (milk sugar) Polysaccharide = many Chain of simple sugars Fiber = polysaccharides Ex. Starch, cellulose, glycogen Starch In plants Straight chains of glucose digestible Starch types Amylose – long chains w/ no branches Amylopectin – Starch with branches Glycogen = “animal starch” (Liver cells) glucose Branches Cellulose Glucose bonds in opposite directions. Forms fiber, cell walls Human indigestible Structure compare Chitin Forms shells in arthropods Nucleic Acids = DNA and RNA Very large complex organic molecules that store and carry information in a cell. NOT required nutrient DNA – contains Genetic code RNA – copies code and makes proteins Nucleic acids are made of Nucleotides linked together Nucleotide = monomer Nucleotides contain 1 – Sugar 2 – Phosphate 3 – Nitrogen Base DNA backbone Made of sugar and phosphates DNA has 4 nitrogen bases A = Adenine T = Thymine G = Guanine C = Cytosine This is the 4 letter alphabet for DNA DNA (DeoxyRibonucleic Acid) Forms Double helix Contains all the information a cell needs to reproduce and grow Contained in nucleus Must be replicated prior to cell division RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) 3 different types. Has uracil instead of thymine Has ribose instead of deoxyribose RNA reads the DNA and then builds proteins for the body Proteins Proteins Building blocks of cells. Contain Nitrogen as well as Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen C +H+O+N Protein functions 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Enzymes – catalyze reactions Defense – antibodies , toxins (venom) Transport – membrane transport and hemoglobin Support – fibers such as hair keratin Motion – muscles and contraction of cell Regulation – hormones Proteins are made of chains of Amino Acids There are 20 different Amino Acids Each have: - Amino group (-NH2) - Carboxyl (-COOH) - R group (other) Peptide bonds link amino acids Also Dehydration synthesis. Water is formed at each bond Hydrolysis is the breaking of a peptide bond Water added Shape of protein determines function Primary structure – sequence of amino acids Secondary structure – alpha helix, beta pleated sheets Tertiary structure – Hydrogen bonds hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds Quaternary structure – 2 or more poly peptides together H bonds form secondary structure Tertiary structure forms from other bonds Denaturing proteins Heat etc. will break bonds of protein tertiary structure. reversible Lipids (Fats) Lipids (Fats) Store energy, Form cell membranes. Hydrophobic -Do not dissolve in water. Lipids have much more Carbon and Hydrogen than Oxygen C +H > O Fats are made of fatty acids Have a Hydrocarbon chain Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic Triglycerides = fats Fatty acids attach to glycerol Saturated fats Are filled up with hydrogen and tend to be solid Ex: butter Animal fats Unsaturated fats Are not filled up with hydrogen (double bonds) and tend to be liquid Ex. Plant fats, corn oil, olive oil Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated = straight, fit tight together Unsaturated = bent, fit loose together TRANS FATS =Unsaturated but act like saturated Should they be banned? Trans fats Saturated Unsaturated Has no double bonds Straight Has one Cis double bond. Hydrogens on same side of bond. bends Unsaturated Trans fat has one Trans double bond. Hydrogens on opposite sides. Acts like saturated Phospholipids Main building blocks of cell membrane Heads (glycerol and phosphate groups) hydrophilic (polar) 2 Fatty acid tails hydrophobic Steroids Hydrophobic hormones and cholesterol Have 4 carbon rings vitamin D • Sunlight turns cholesterol to vitamin D Terpenes • Pigment lipids • Chlorophyll in plants • Retinol in eye retina