Download ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
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Compounds that have:
– Carbon atoms bonded to each
other and to hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous,
chlorine OR fluorine
– COVALENT BONDS
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Can be natural (ex. sugar) or
synthetic (ex. plastic)
Organic molecules
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All contain CARBON
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Can covalently bond w/ 4 other
atoms
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Holds electrons
tightly: forms
STRONG BONDS
Chemical Composition
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Living organisms =
50-95% water
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The rest = CHNOPS
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Less than 1/2% = vital ions
– Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, etc.
4 Major Groups of Organic Molecules
Essential to Living Things
GROUP
ELEMENTS
Carbohydrates (C H 2 O) (2-8)
Lipids
CHO
Proteins
CHON +
"R" GROUPS
Nucleic Acids
CHONP
BUILDING
BLOCKS
Monosaccharides
3 Fatty Acids
1 glycerol
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
(Nitrogenous base,
sugar, phosphate)
Carbohydrates (sugars)
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(CH2O)(2-8) basic formula
Simple sugars = quick energy source
– Glucose, fructose
– Form rings when in water
Disaccharides
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Transport molecules
– Sucrose (sap in plants)
– Lactose, Maltose
Polysaccharides
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Storage (starches)
Structural support (cellulose, chitin)
Monomers to
Polymers
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Condensation
links single units
– Saves space
•
Hydrolysis breaks
chains apart
– Releases energy
Saccharide Formation
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Condensation links monosaccharides
Starches
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Main storage molecules in plants
– Chains of simple sugars that
must be broken down before
they can be used
Glycogen
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Main storage molecule in animals
– Stored in muscles
– Broken down when glucose is no
longer available
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
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LONG hydrocarbon chains, that are
insoluble in water (nonpolar)
Fats store energy 6 times better
than starch, carry more energy-rich
bonds
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
OH
Fatty acid - carbon chain + carboxyl unit
Fats
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Glycerol
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3 fatty
acids
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Joined by
condensation
Saturated Vs. Unsaturated
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Saturated = single bonds ONLY in
carbon chain
– Carbons “saturated” w/ hydrogen
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Unsaturated = double or triple bonds
Saturated
Unsaturated
Blubber
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Fats that DON'T get converted
– Vital as an insulating layer
Fats around
organs aren’t
converted
– Shock
absorbers
Steroids
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Cholesterol (saturated)
– “Parent” molecule of many steriods
Proteins
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Can form enzymes
– Act as organic catalysts
– Allow reactions to occur in living
bodies at safe
temperatures
Nucleotides
(DNA, RNA)
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Nitrogenous base + sugar
+ phosphate molecule
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Form the code of life
Organic Compounds
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides  Disaccharides  Polysaccharides
(Condensation Reaction)
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Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes
(Saturated vs. Unsaturated)
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Proteins
Chains of Amino Acids (20 different amino acids)
Enzymes
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Nucleic Acids
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Nucleotides (Sugar, Phosphate, Base)