Download Biochemistry Chapter 6

Biochemistry
Chapter 6
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- Pick up your zip grades
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GOOD LUCK!
Carbohydrate Lab
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM
6.2 & 6.4
Objectives
1. SWBAT identify the three major types of
macromolecules in our bodies.
2. SWBAT create a concept map.
3. SWBAT explain why our bodies need
proteins, carbs, and fats.
6.4 Macromolecules of Life
Organic Chemistry = The element carbon is a
component of almost all biological molecules.
(Inorganic= no carbon)
6.4 Macromolecules of Life
• Carbon compounds can be found as straight
chains, branched chains, and rings.
Macromolecules:
– large molecules formed by joining smaller
organic molecules together.
Macromolecules
Polymers – molecules made from repeating units of
identical (or nearly identical) compounds linked
together by covalent bonds.
– These smaller units are called monomers
The 4 macromolecules are:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
DO NOW!
1. Organic chemistry revolves around the
element: __________.
2. Polymers are made of smaller subunits
called: __________.
3. Name the four macromolecules of life:
Think - pair - share
Quiz your partner on
- Polymer
- Macromolecule
- Organic Chemistry
1. Carbohydrates
• Broken down into sources of energy
• Ex. Glucose!
• Ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen of 1:2:1
• (CH2O)n
• N= # of CH2 in a chain
Where there is a corner
there is a carbon!*
Simple Carbs:
Monosaccharide- Values of n ranging from three to seven
Ex. Glucose (n=6) → simple sugars!
Disaccharide - Two monosaccharides joined together
Ex. Lactose
Complex Carbs:
Polysaccharide- many monosaccharides joined together
Ex. Glycogen (energy storage in muscle or liver)
Classify the following as
mono, di, or polysaccharide:
1. C H
O
6 12 6
2.
3.
4. C
H
O
12 24 12
Monosaccharides and the body
Glucose - blood sugar
Insulin response: as glucose increases, our body
releases insulin to decrease blood sugar
Diabetes- difficulty with glucose homeostasis
Disaccharides and the body
- Found in many foods you eat
- Sucrose - becomes monosaccharides quickly
More about Polysaccharides
Cellulose (fiber) - makes you regular, lowers
cholesterol
l
l
Glycogen- short term energy storage (in the liver)
l
Starch – long term carbohydrate storage
2. Lipids
● Made mostly of C and H
● Hydrophobic
● Used for energy storage
and insulation
○ Ex: Fats, Oils, and Waxes
● 3 types of lipids!
○ Triglycerides
○ Steroids (hormones)
○ Phospholipids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Triglycerides
• Saturated Fats ☹ – Only Single bonds between the carbons
– Solid at room temperature (typically)
– Unhealthy
• Unsaturated Fats ☺– Double bonds between the carbons
– Liquid at room temperature (typically)
– Better than saturated fats
Click me
Saturated Fat
Structural Differences
State
Source
Health
Purpose
Unsaturated Fat
Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat
Structural Differences
All single bonds
Some double bonds
State
Solid Fats
Liquid Fats
Source
Come from animals
Comes from vegtables
Health
Less healthy
More healthy
Purpose
Energy storage and insulation
Hydrogenated oil and trans fat…
why are they so bad for you?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oE7oZMxda18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp0nc4kY-tc
Cholesterol (Hormone!)
HDL
Name
Function
Health
Purpose
LDL
Cholesterol (Hormone!)
Name
Function
Health
Purpose
HDL
LDL
High density lipoproteins
low density lipoproteins
transport cholesterol from the
transport cholesterol from the
body to the liver for
liver to the body
breakdown and disposal
good cholesterol
bad cholesterol
strengthens cell membranes
Phospholipids
• Makes up our cell membrane
• Phosphate, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails
Do Now
• What are carbs broken down into?
• What does this provide?
• If this compound isn’t used, what is
it stored as?
• Where is it stored?
• What are the purpose of lipids?
• Difference between Unsaturated
and Saturated fats?
• What are HDL and LDL?
3. Proteins
• Monomers = amino acids
• There are 20 types of amino acids.
• We produce 10 of the 20!
Central Carbon
Atoms that make up Amino Acids:
∙ carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and
sometimes sulfur! (CHONS)
∙ Amino acids are connected together through
a PEPTIDE BOND.
Proteins in the Body
structural
- hair, collagen, muscle etc
enzymes
- speed up chemical reactions
Involved in
nearly every
function of
your body!
4. Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit genetic information.
• Nucleic acids are made of smaller
repeating subunits called nucleotides
• composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.
Three types of Nucleic Acids
• DNA
• RNA
• ATP
6.2 - Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction -atoms or groups of atoms
are reorganized into different substances.
Chemical Reactions:
- Production of heat or light
- Formation of a gas, liquid, or solid
Parts of a Reaction
Reaction- Molecules breaking or coming together
Reactants- What goes in the reaction
Products- What comes out of the reaction
Practice
Identify the reactants and products!
Energy in Chemical Reactions
Activation energy - minimum amount of energy
needed for reactants to turn into products
Exothermic vs. Endothermic RXN
Exothermic- releases heat energy
- The energy of the product is lower than the
energy of the reactants.
Exothermic vs. Endothermic RXN
Endothermic - absorbs heat energy.
- The energy of the products is higher than the
energy of the reactants.
Think - pair - share
Determine whether or not the following are
Exothermic or Endothermic reactions:
1. combustion reactions of fuels
2. melting ice cubes
3. Nuclear Bomb
4. a candle flame
5. cooking an egg
What are enzymes?
-Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst”
(speeds up a reaction)
- Usually end in “ase”
-Never consumed in the reaction
What do they do?
Enzymes continued …
- Lower activation energy!
- Increases rate of reaction (speeds up)
How do they work?
• A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme.
• This forms an enzyme substrate complex.
• They then break or form bonds.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw
Enzymes Continued
• Anything that changes the shape of the active
site stops the enzyme from working.
• Ways to denature an enzyme:
– pH
– Temperature
Quick!
Label the parts of the reaction:
DO NOW
Label the
components of the
energy diagram
What type of
reaction is this?