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Biochemistry Chapter 6 - Hand in your papers - Pick up your zip grades - go to your test taking seats… GOOD LUCK! Carbohydrate Lab https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM 6.2 & 6.4 Objectives 1. SWBAT identify the three major types of macromolecules in our bodies. 2. SWBAT create a concept map. 3. SWBAT explain why our bodies need proteins, carbs, and fats. 6.4 Macromolecules of Life Organic Chemistry = The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. (Inorganic= no carbon) 6.4 Macromolecules of Life • Carbon compounds can be found as straight chains, branched chains, and rings. Macromolecules: – large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Macromolecules Polymers – molecules made from repeating units of identical (or nearly identical) compounds linked together by covalent bonds. – These smaller units are called monomers The 4 macromolecules are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids DO NOW! 1. Organic chemistry revolves around the element: __________. 2. Polymers are made of smaller subunits called: __________. 3. Name the four macromolecules of life: Think - pair - share Quiz your partner on - Polymer - Macromolecule - Organic Chemistry 1. Carbohydrates • Broken down into sources of energy • Ex. Glucose! • Ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen of 1:2:1 • (CH2O)n • N= # of CH2 in a chain Where there is a corner there is a carbon!* Simple Carbs: Monosaccharide- Values of n ranging from three to seven Ex. Glucose (n=6) → simple sugars! Disaccharide - Two monosaccharides joined together Ex. Lactose Complex Carbs: Polysaccharide- many monosaccharides joined together Ex. Glycogen (energy storage in muscle or liver) Classify the following as mono, di, or polysaccharide: 1. C H O 6 12 6 2. 3. 4. C H O 12 24 12 Monosaccharides and the body Glucose - blood sugar Insulin response: as glucose increases, our body releases insulin to decrease blood sugar Diabetes- difficulty with glucose homeostasis Disaccharides and the body - Found in many foods you eat - Sucrose - becomes monosaccharides quickly More about Polysaccharides Cellulose (fiber) - makes you regular, lowers cholesterol l l Glycogen- short term energy storage (in the liver) l Starch – long term carbohydrate storage 2. Lipids ● Made mostly of C and H ● Hydrophobic ● Used for energy storage and insulation ○ Ex: Fats, Oils, and Waxes ● 3 types of lipids! ○ Triglycerides ○ Steroids (hormones) ○ Phospholipids Saturated vs. Unsaturated Triglycerides • Saturated Fats ☹ – Only Single bonds between the carbons – Solid at room temperature (typically) – Unhealthy • Unsaturated Fats ☺– Double bonds between the carbons – Liquid at room temperature (typically) – Better than saturated fats Click me Saturated Fat Structural Differences State Source Health Purpose Unsaturated Fat Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat Structural Differences All single bonds Some double bonds State Solid Fats Liquid Fats Source Come from animals Comes from vegtables Health Less healthy More healthy Purpose Energy storage and insulation Hydrogenated oil and trans fat… why are they so bad for you? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oE7oZMxda18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp0nc4kY-tc Cholesterol (Hormone!) HDL Name Function Health Purpose LDL Cholesterol (Hormone!) Name Function Health Purpose HDL LDL High density lipoproteins low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the transport cholesterol from the body to the liver for liver to the body breakdown and disposal good cholesterol bad cholesterol strengthens cell membranes Phospholipids • Makes up our cell membrane • Phosphate, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails Do Now • What are carbs broken down into? • What does this provide? • If this compound isn’t used, what is it stored as? • Where is it stored? • What are the purpose of lipids? • Difference between Unsaturated and Saturated fats? • What are HDL and LDL? 3. Proteins • Monomers = amino acids • There are 20 types of amino acids. • We produce 10 of the 20! Central Carbon Atoms that make up Amino Acids: ∙ carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur! (CHONS) ∙ Amino acids are connected together through a PEPTIDE BOND. Proteins in the Body structural - hair, collagen, muscle etc enzymes - speed up chemical reactions Involved in nearly every function of your body! 4. Nucleic Acids • Store and transmit genetic information. • Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides • composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms. Three types of Nucleic Acids • DNA • RNA • ATP 6.2 - Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction -atoms or groups of atoms are reorganized into different substances. Chemical Reactions: - Production of heat or light - Formation of a gas, liquid, or solid Parts of a Reaction Reaction- Molecules breaking or coming together Reactants- What goes in the reaction Products- What comes out of the reaction Practice Identify the reactants and products! Energy in Chemical Reactions Activation energy - minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to turn into products Exothermic vs. Endothermic RXN Exothermic- releases heat energy - The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. Exothermic vs. Endothermic RXN Endothermic - absorbs heat energy. - The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. Think - pair - share Determine whether or not the following are Exothermic or Endothermic reactions: 1. combustion reactions of fuels 2. melting ice cubes 3. Nuclear Bomb 4. a candle flame 5. cooking an egg What are enzymes? -Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction) - Usually end in “ase” -Never consumed in the reaction What do they do? Enzymes continued … - Lower activation energy! - Increases rate of reaction (speeds up) How do they work? • A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme. • This forms an enzyme substrate complex. • They then break or form bonds. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw Enzymes Continued • Anything that changes the shape of the active site stops the enzyme from working. • Ways to denature an enzyme: – pH – Temperature Quick! Label the parts of the reaction: DO NOW Label the components of the energy diagram What type of reaction is this?