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BIOMOLECULES: building blocks of life ** Carbon is the basic unit of most biomolecules ** CARBOHYDRATES • Structure: sugars made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio • Function: – E supply for all organisms; also provide fiber – used to store E for short periods of time – Primary source of fuel for cellular respiration – Structural support: plants have cellulose – Cell recognition CARBOHYDRATES • Different types: – monosaccharide (“single sugar”) glucose – Disaccharide (two sugars) table sugar/ lactose – Polysaccharide, considered a complex carbohydrate (3+ sugars) starch • Caloric Value: dependent on # of C-H bonds; varies LIPIDS (FATS) • Structure: long chains of C-H bonds; made of glycerols and fatty acids • Function: important for E when few carbs available – Primary way to store E long term – Insulation/ cushion vital organs – Water barriers: repels water (hydrophobic); cell’s boundary LIPIDS (FATS) • Different types: – saturated: solid at room temperature; single C bonds; hard for body to break down – unsaturated: liquid at room temperature; double C bonds • Caloric Value: contain more E per gram than carbs & proteins b/c of C-H bonds • Important Information: includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes PROTEINS • Structure: made of amino acids held together by peptide bonds – Primary = specific order of amino acids – Secondary = amino acids in one chain form bends, twists, coils, folds – Tertiary = folding of a bent and coiled chain of amino acid – Quaternary = overall shape that results from combining chains PROTEINS • Function: involved in almost every function of human body – Structure and support (connective tissue) – Enable movement – Transport substances (hemoglobin) – Regulate processes (insulin production) – Speed up chemical reactions (digestive enzymes) – Control growth PROTEINS • Different types: structural, transport, hormone, enzymes, contractile • Caloric Value: dependent on # of C-H bonds; varies • Important Information: ** more important as building blocks than source of E; only give E if shortage of carbs/lipids** AMINO ACIDS • building blocks of proteins: – each has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side group (composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes sulfur) • 20 different amino acids: – 12 made in the body, – other 8 must consume from nuts, beans, or meat NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA and RNA • Structure: long chain of nucleotide units that store and transmit hereditary information – Nucleotide = molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group • ex: DNA (deoxyribose is the sugar) and RNA (ribose is the sugar) NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA and RNA • Function: DNA molecules = genetic code (instructions for processes of an organism's life) – genetic code depends on order of bases in the nucleotides of DNA molecule – double strand of nucleotides linked together by hydrogen bonds (double helix) • RNA involved in protein synthesis (making protein) CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS (FATS) PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS