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Topic: BIOCHEMISTRY AIM: How are Organic and Inorganic Compounds Classified? Do Now: C12H22O11 Element or Compound? If compound how many elements and how many atoms of each element are there? What type of formula is this? HW: Please Print out Review sheet for Quarterly and make sure to study all info – Bring this sheet to class tomorrow. ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN BOTH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS! What is an • Compound that contains organic BOTH Carbon AND compound? Hydrogen • Makes up living things • CH4 - Organic • C6H12O6 - Organic • CO2 – Not Organic – Does not contain H What is an • Compound that DOES inorganic NOT contain both Carbon compound? and Hydrogen together • • • • • H2O H2SO4 CO2 NaCl These are all INORGANIC 4 Organic Cmpd Groups •CARBOHYDRATES •LIPIDS •PROTEINS •NUCLEIC ACIDS MONOSACCHARIDE: MONOSACCHARIDE: MONOSACCHARIDE: DISACCHARIDE: 3. POLYSACCHARIDE • Poly = many sugars = Starch • Many rings joined together Dehydration Synthesis • The process: “Putting molecules together and Releasing water” • Water is a product (right side of the arrow) Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide Disaccharide + Water • For carbohydrates: + H2O + mono + mono glucose + glucose disaccharide + water maltose + water + Hydrolysis • The process of “Splitting molecules with the Addition of water” • Breaking things down: ex. Digestion • Water is a reactant (left side of the arrow) • Disaccharide + Water = Mono + Mono • For carbohydrates: + H2O Disaccharide maltose + + water mono + mono + water glucose + glucose • FUNCTIONS • 1. energy storage (secondary source of energy) • 2. protects organs in the body • 3. insulates the body • 4. makes up cell membranes Dehydration synthesis of lipids 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids lipid + water 1 molecule of fat Hydrolysis of lipids • Lipid + water 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids LIPIDS THAT ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMP CALLED FAT LIPIDS THAT ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP CALLED OIL UNSATURATED FATS ALLOWS THE BODY TO DIGEST THE FAT EASIER. THE DOUBLE BOND IS EASIER TO BE BROKEN DOWN & DIGESTED DOUBLE BOND HEALTHIER TO EAT 3. Proteins • • • • Elements: C-H-O-N Building Blocks: Amino Acids (aa) There are 20 different kinds of aa’s The order of the aa’s determines the shape of the protein and the shape determines the function of the protein. • Examples: All enzymes & hormones & antibodies are PROTEINS therefore made of aa’s Ex. Hemoglobin is a Protein Ex. Antibodies (immune system) Building Blocks • Amino acids Variable group Amino group Carboxyl group Serine Leucine Cysteine Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins Amino acid + amino acid Dipeptide + water PEPTIDE BOND Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide Dipeptide • 2 amino acids joined together Peptide bond Hydrolysis of Proteins Dipeptide + water amino acid + amino acid PEPTIDE BOND + Dipeptide Amino acid Amino acid NEW BOND DEHYDRATION 4. Nucleic Acids • Elements: C-H-O-N-P • Building Blocks: Nucleotides • Function: Hereditary Material • Ex. DNA & RNA • ***Blueprints of Life*** COMPOSED OF THREE PARTS: -SUGARS -PHOSPHATE GROUPS -NITROGENOUS GROUPS • Building blocks = NUCLEOTIDE phosphate sugar Nitrogen base NITROGENOUS BASES 5 Bases • DNA: A-T & G-C • RNA: A-U & G-C NITROGENOUS BASE BOND RIBOSE PHOSPHATE IN A DNA STRAND, THE BASES PAIR UP AS FOLLOWS: C-G A-T IN A RNA STRAND: A - U ALL ENZYMES • • • • Are PROTEINS Are Made of AA’s Are Polypeptides Are Made in the Ribosomes • Have a specific shape • Are specific • Work on specific substrates • Names end in ASE • Are organic catalysts Enzymes Enzyme = Organic Catalyst What is a Catalyst? Catalysts • Speed up the rate of a reaction but they themselves do not change. • Names end in –ase • Examples: •Lipid – Lipase •Protein – Protease •Maltose – Maltase •Lactose – Lactase • Binds with an enzyme What is a substrate? in order for the reaction to occur • What is being broken down or put together What is • Where the enzyme and substrate touch – where an active the actual chemical site? reaction occurs. Enzyme Active Site Substrate Enzyme-substrate complex What Factors Affect Enzyme Activity? 1. Temperature 2. pH 3. Amount of Substrate & Enzyme Optimal Temp • 98.6 F = 37 C • Best Temp. for enzymes to work 37°C • If temp rises above this DENATURATION occurs • Denaturation = enzyme changes shape substrate cannot fit with active site REACTION DOES NOT HAPPEN • 2. pH & Enzyme activity • pH = how basic or acidic a liquid is. • A pH of 1-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral and 8-14 is basic. • Most places in the body are neutral so most Enzymes work best at a pH of 7. Optimum pH = 7 1 7 pH 14 •HOWEVER: Some enzymes work best in other pH’s. or basic conditions • Increasing substrate 3. Substrate amount will increase concentration reaction rate until all enzymes are occupiedthen reaction is at maximum rate. • (All the gas pumps are full and cars have to wait to get gas now) Increasing substrate increases the enzymes reaction rate Max Rate THE END DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES: & TWO TYPES WHICH EXIST IN DNA & RNA ADENINE (A) AND GUANINE (G) THERE ARE 3 TYPES CYTOSINE (C) IN DNA & RNA THYMINE (T) ONLY IN DNA URACIL (U) ONLY IN RNA IN 1953, WATSON AND CRICK DEDUCED THE SHAPE OF THE DNA AS AN ALPHA HELIX OR A SPIRAL STAIRCASE LADDER HAS A SUGAR & PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: OUTSIDE THE NITROGENOUS BASES:IN THE MIDDLE & ARE HELD TOGETHER BY WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS ATOMS: Compromise the element. Contain protons, neutrons and electrons ELEMENTS: A substance that can not be broken down COMPOUND: Two or more elements combined chemically BONDING: the formation of compounds resulting from a chemical bond. Two types of bonds covalent (sharing electrons) and ionic (transfer of electrons) ATOMS CONTAIN PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEURTONS P P E E N N P E CAN BE TRANSFERRED (ionic) OR SHARED (covalent) DURING A BOND SATURATED FATS ARE CONVERTED INTO CHOLESTEROL 2 TYPES OF CHOLESTEROLS: HDL’s: GOOD TYPE OF CHOLESTEROL LDL’s: DANGEROUS TYPE OF CHOLESTEROL ANIMAL PRODUCTS: MILK & MEATS ARE HIGH IN SATURATED FATS FISH, VEGETABLES AND MARGARINE: HIGH IN UNSATURATED FATS 1. OCCUR BETWEEN CARBON OF ONE AMINO ACID AND NITROGEN OF AN ANOTHER 2. LEAD TO DIPEPTIDES AND POLYPEPTIDES 3. OCCUR DUE TO DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS C N O H LACK OF OXYGEN