Download Amino Acids

Topic: BIOCHEMISTRY
AIM: How are Organic and
Inorganic Compounds
Classified?
Do Now: C12H22O11 Element or Compound?
If compound how many elements and how
many atoms of each element are there? What
type of formula is this?
HW: Please Print out Review sheet for
Quarterly and make sure to study all info –
Bring this sheet to class tomorrow.
ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN
BOTH ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS!
What is an
• Compound that contains
organic
BOTH Carbon AND
compound?
Hydrogen
• Makes up living things
• CH4 - Organic
• C6H12O6 - Organic
• CO2 – Not Organic –
Does not contain H
What is an
• Compound that DOES
inorganic
NOT contain both Carbon
compound?
and Hydrogen together
•
•
•
•
•
H2O
H2SO4
CO2
NaCl
These are all
INORGANIC
4 Organic Cmpd Groups
•CARBOHYDRATES
•LIPIDS
•PROTEINS
•NUCLEIC ACIDS
MONOSACCHARIDE:
MONOSACCHARIDE:
MONOSACCHARIDE:
DISACCHARIDE:
3. POLYSACCHARIDE
• Poly = many sugars = Starch
• Many rings joined together
Dehydration Synthesis
• The process: “Putting molecules
together and Releasing water”
• Water is a product (right side of the
arrow)
Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide 
Disaccharide + Water
• For carbohydrates:
+ H2O
+
mono + mono

glucose + glucose 
disaccharide + water
maltose
+ water
+
Hydrolysis
• The process of “Splitting
molecules with the Addition of
water”
• Breaking things down: ex.
Digestion
• Water is a reactant (left side of
the arrow)
• Disaccharide + Water = Mono + Mono
• For carbohydrates:
+ H2O
Disaccharide
maltose
+
+ water  mono + mono
+ water

glucose + glucose
• FUNCTIONS
• 1. energy storage (secondary
source of energy)
• 2. protects organs in the body
• 3. insulates the body
• 4. makes up cell membranes
Dehydration synthesis of lipids
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids lipid + water
1 molecule of fat
Hydrolysis of lipids
• Lipid + water  1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
LIPIDS THAT ARE SOLID AT
ROOM TEMP  CALLED FAT
LIPIDS THAT ARE LIQUID
AT ROOM TEMP  CALLED
OIL
UNSATURATED FATS ALLOWS
THE BODY TO DIGEST THE FAT
EASIER. THE DOUBLE BOND IS
EASIER TO BE BROKEN DOWN &
DIGESTED
DOUBLE
BOND
HEALTHIER TO EAT
3. Proteins
•
•
•
•
Elements: C-H-O-N
Building Blocks: Amino Acids (aa)
There are 20 different kinds of aa’s
The order of the aa’s determines
the shape of the protein and the
shape determines the function of
the protein.
• Examples: All enzymes & hormones
& antibodies are PROTEINS
therefore made of aa’s
Ex. Hemoglobin is a Protein
Ex. Antibodies (immune
system)
Building
Blocks
• Amino acids
Variable
group
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
Serine
Leucine
Cysteine
Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins
Amino acid + amino acid Dipeptide + water
PEPTIDE
BOND
Amino acid
Amino acid
Dipeptide
Dipeptide
• 2 amino acids joined
together
Peptide bond
Hydrolysis of Proteins
Dipeptide + water amino acid + amino acid
PEPTIDE
BOND
+
Dipeptide
Amino acid
Amino acid
NEW
BOND
DEHYDRATION
4. Nucleic Acids
• Elements: C-H-O-N-P
• Building Blocks: Nucleotides
• Function: Hereditary Material
• Ex. DNA & RNA
• ***Blueprints of Life***
COMPOSED OF THREE PARTS:
-SUGARS
-PHOSPHATE GROUPS
-NITROGENOUS GROUPS
• Building blocks = NUCLEOTIDE
phosphate
sugar
Nitrogen
base
NITROGENOUS BASES
5 Bases
• DNA: A-T & G-C
• RNA: A-U & G-C
NITROGENOUS BASE
BOND
RIBOSE
PHOSPHATE
IN A DNA
STRAND, THE
BASES PAIR UP
AS FOLLOWS:
C-G
A-T
IN A RNA
STRAND: A - U
ALL ENZYMES
•
•
•
•
Are PROTEINS
Are Made of AA’s
Are Polypeptides
Are Made in the
Ribosomes
• Have a specific shape
• Are specific
• Work on specific
substrates
• Names end in ASE
• Are organic catalysts
Enzymes
Enzyme = Organic Catalyst
What is a Catalyst?
Catalysts
• Speed up the rate of
a reaction but they
themselves do not
change.
• Names end in –ase
• Examples:
•Lipid – Lipase
•Protein – Protease
•Maltose – Maltase
•Lactose – Lactase
• Binds with an enzyme
What is a
substrate?
in order for the reaction
to occur
• What is being broken
down or put together
What is • Where the enzyme and
substrate touch – where
an active
the actual chemical
site?
reaction occurs.
Enzyme
Active Site
Substrate
Enzyme-substrate complex
What Factors Affect
Enzyme Activity?
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Amount of Substrate &
Enzyme
Optimal Temp
• 98.6 F = 37 C
• Best Temp. for enzymes to
work
37°C
• If temp rises above this 
DENATURATION occurs
• Denaturation = enzyme
changes shape  substrate
cannot fit with active site
 REACTION DOES
NOT HAPPEN
• 2. pH & Enzyme activity
• pH = how basic or acidic a
liquid is.
• A pH of 1-6 is acidic, 7 is
neutral and 8-14 is basic.
• Most places in the body are
neutral so most Enzymes
work best at a pH of 7.
Optimum pH = 7
1
7
pH
14
•HOWEVER: Some enzymes work
best in other pH’s.
or basic conditions
•
Increasing
substrate
3. Substrate
amount will increase
concentration
reaction rate until all
enzymes are occupiedthen reaction is at
maximum rate.
• (All the gas pumps are
full and cars have to
wait to get gas now)
Increasing
substrate
increases the
enzymes
reaction rate
Max Rate
THE END
DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:
&
TWO TYPES WHICH EXIST IN
DNA & RNA
ADENINE (A) AND GUANINE (G)
THERE ARE 3 TYPES
CYTOSINE (C)  IN DNA & RNA
THYMINE (T)  ONLY IN DNA
URACIL (U)  ONLY IN RNA
IN 1953, WATSON AND CRICK
DEDUCED THE SHAPE OF
THE DNA AS AN ALPHA
HELIX OR A SPIRAL
STAIRCASE
LADDER HAS A SUGAR &
PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: OUTSIDE
THE NITROGENOUS BASES:IN THE
MIDDLE & ARE HELD TOGETHER
BY WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS
ATOMS: Compromise the
element. Contain protons,
neutrons and electrons
ELEMENTS: A substance
that can not be broken
down
COMPOUND: Two or
more elements combined
chemically
BONDING: the formation of
compounds resulting from a
chemical bond. Two types of
bonds covalent (sharing electrons)
and ionic (transfer of electrons)
ATOMS CONTAIN PROTONS,
ELECTRONS AND NEURTONS
P
P
E
E
N
N
P
E
CAN BE TRANSFERRED (ionic) OR
SHARED (covalent) DURING A
BOND
SATURATED FATS ARE CONVERTED INTO
CHOLESTEROL
2 TYPES OF CHOLESTEROLS:
HDL’s: GOOD TYPE OF CHOLESTEROL
LDL’s: DANGEROUS TYPE OF
CHOLESTEROL
ANIMAL PRODUCTS: MILK & MEATS ARE
HIGH IN SATURATED FATS
FISH, VEGETABLES AND MARGARINE:
HIGH IN UNSATURATED FATS
1. OCCUR BETWEEN CARBON OF
ONE AMINO ACID AND NITROGEN
OF AN ANOTHER
2. LEAD TO DIPEPTIDES AND
POLYPEPTIDES
3. OCCUR DUE TO
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
C
N
O
H
LACK OF OXYGEN