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ABHISHEK D. CHOUHAN Immunology and Immune system IMMUNOLOGY It is the study of the components and function of the immune system. IMMUNE SYSTEM Molecules, cells, tissues & organs which provide non-specific and specific protection against. Microorganisms Microbial toxins Tumor cells Antigens Some chemical that creates immune response. These are substances which, when introduced into the body, stimulate the production of antibodies. CHEMICAL NATURE These are mostly the conjugated proteins like lipoproteins, glycoproteins and nucleoproteins. Antigens STRUCTURE Antigenic determinants or epitopes are components of antigen. Each antigen carries many epitopes. Each Yshaped antibody molecule has at least two binding sites that can attach to a specific epitope on an antigen. An antibody can also bind to identical epitopes of two different cells at the same time which can cause neighboring cells to aggregate. Antigens combine with the antibody. The combination is very much like the lock and key analogy. Antigen types Based upon the ability of antigens to carry out their functions, antigens are of two types complete antigens Incomplete antigens (haptens) A complete antigen is able to induce antibody formation & produce a specific and observable reaction with the antibody so produced. Haptens are substances which are incapable of inducing antibody formation by themselves, but can be capable of inducing antibodies on combining with larger molecules (normally proteins) which serve as carriers. Antibodies Proteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high specificity. It is a protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens. Ex. of antigens includes microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) & chemical. Each type of antibody is unique & defends the body against one specific type of antigen. Types of antibodies 1. Immunoglobulin G 2. Immunoglobulin A 3. Immunoglobulin M 4. Immunoglobulin D 5. Immunoglobulin E Difference between Antigen and Antibodies Antigen Antibodies Protein or polysaccharide molecule Protein molecule Foreign material that stimulates antibody formation Synthesized by an animal to combat foreign material May occur on the surface of a microbe May occurs on the surface of a plasma of as a free cell & also in body molecule fluids Binds to a macrophage to reach a helper T-cell to initiate immune response. Directly joins an antigen to destroy the latter. Antigen-Antibodies reactions 1. Agglutination 2. Precipitin 3. Complement fixation 4. Opsonisation 5. Neutrilisation 6. Immune cytolysis 7. Immune adherence 8. Immunofluorescence 9. Radio Immunoassay (RIA) 10. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) Hypersensitivity reactions Over reaction of adaptive immune response to harmless antigens. Hypersensitivity refers to excessive undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system. Hypersensitivity reactions require a presensitized (immune) state of the host. These reactions can be divided into four types, based on the mechanisms involved & time taken for the reaction. Four types of reactions (I-IV) Type I: Anaphylactic Reactions/Immediate (typical bee-sting or hay fever allergic responses) Type II: Cytotoxic Reactions/Antibody-mediated (as in mismatched ABO transfusion reaction) Type III: Immune Complex Reactions (as in rheumatoid arthritis or in "serum sickness") Type IV: Cell-mediated Reactions (seen with positive tuberculin (TB)-skin test reaction) Autoimmunity Antibodies may be produced when the immune system mistakenly considers healthy tissue a harmful substances. This is called an autoimmune disorder. Misdirected adaptive immune response. Results from a loss of self-tolerance. Three Types (II, III, IV) of reactions. Autoimmunity is the response of the adaptive immune system to self-antigens that occurs when mechanisms of self tolerance fail. Autoimmunity is one cause of hypersensitivity. Autoimmunity can occur in the following conditions Graves Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Myasthenia Gravis Insulin-dependant Diabetes: Auto-reactive Tcytotoxic cells destroy pancreatic beta-cells (the insulin producing cells). RIA ANTIBODY BACTERIA IMMUNITY SENSITIVITY ANTIGEN REACTIONS TOXIN ELISA Thanks to visit