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BIOLOGY
SEMESTER PROJECT
Mrs. Hollis
BIOLOGY SEMESTER PROJECT
Table of Contents
Unit 1 STERNGGR ………………………………………………………………………………….
1
Understanding the characteristics of living things
Flowchart (cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)
The Scientific Method
Unit 2 Biological Molecules ………………………………………………………………………….
2
Understanding the organic molecules
Enzyme substrate complex
Unit 2 Biological Molecules (continued) …………………………………………………………….
3
Understanding the PH Scale
Examples relating to each PH Level
Vocabulary
Unit 3 Cells ……………………………………………………………………………………………
4
Venn diagram comparing the animal and plant cell
Vocabulary for the cell organelles
Unit 3 Cells (continued) ………………………………………………………………………………
5
Cell organelles factory names
Cell Specialization
Unit 4 Transport and Energetics …………………………………………………………………….
6
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Unit 4 Transport and Energetics (continued) ……………………………………………………….
7
Aerobic and Anaerobic Contrast
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, Osmosis
Unit 5 DNA/Protein Synthesis ………………………………………………………………………
DNA replication
Transcription
DNA and RNA Contrast
Creating a protein
Making a protein
8
Unit 1 – STERNGRR
STERNGRR
S - Synthesis
T - Transport
E – Excretion
R – Regulation
N – Nutrition
G – Growth & Develop
R – Respiration
R - Reproduction
Cell
Creating larger molecules from smaller molecules
Moving materials throughout an organisms system
The removal of waste
Maintaining an internal balance (homeostasis)
Gathering and eating the food sources needed to create energy.
Increasing in size and increase into a better form.
The act of breaking down the food into energy
Without it we would go extinct (asexual & sexual)
Tissue
Organ
Scientific Method
Steps
1. Identify the problem
2. Research the problem
3. Make a hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis
5. Observe and record
6. Arrive at a conclusion
P. 1
Organ
System
Organism
Unit 2 – Biological Molecules
Enzyme – substrate complex
Monome
r/
Subunit
Polymer
Compose
d of
Function
Indicator
Examples
Examples
P. 2
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Lipids
Glycerol & 3 fatty
acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Proteins
Amino Acids
Polysaccharides
CHO
Lipids
CHO
Nucleic Acids
CHNOP
Polypeptide Chain
CHNOPS
*(Fast energy)
Storage and
transport of energy
and structural
components
Benedict’s solution
and Iodine
Sugar, Starch
Slow energy,
insulation, cell
membrane
Transfer or store
genetic information
Make parts of cells,
immunity, transport
molecules,
enzymes
Sudan IV or brown
paper bag.
Oil, Fats
None! It’s all living
things
DNA, RNA
Biuret’s Solution
Hemoglobin,
antibodies,
enzymes
Unit 2 – Biological Molecules
PH Scale
Acid
1
2
3
4
5
Neutral
6
7
Base Alkali
9
10
11
8
12
13
14
Examples:
1: Gastric Acid
6: Urine
2: Lemon Juice
7: Distillated Water
10: Milk of Magnesia
3: Orange Juice
4: Tomato Juice
8: Sea Water
9: Baking Soda
11: Ammonia Solution
12: Soapy Water
5: Black Coffee
13: Bleach
Vocabulary:
Reusable
The enzyme can be used again for another reaction.
Substrate
Also called a reactant; binds with enzyme in reactions
Active Site
Where the Substrate and Enzyme would bond
Optimal
“The Best” or “ideal”
Lock and Key
The Enzyme and the substrate will bond together and will perfectly form
an enzyme complex
P. 3
Unit 3 – Cells
Venn diagram
Animal
BOTH
Lysosomes
Small Vacuoles
Eukaryote
Mitochondria
Sexual Reproduction
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plant
Chloroplast
Cell Walls
Large Vacuoles
Asexual
Makes DNA
Vocabulary
Nucleus
Structure that contains the cell’s genetic
material (DNA) and controls the cell’s
activities.
Material inside the cell membrane – not
including the nucleus
Organelle found in cells of plants, and some
other organisms that captures the energy
from sunlight and converts it into chemical
energy
The Powerhouse of the cell, produces all the
energy
Cell organelle that stores materials such as
water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Small particle in the cell on which proteins
are assembled; made of RNA & proteins.
Stack of membranes in the cell that
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from
the endoplasmic reticulum
Thin, flexible barrier around the cell that
regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Ribosome
Golgi Bodies
Cell Membrane
P. 4
UNIT 3 - Cells
Cell Organelles
Factory Names:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Ribosome
Golgi Bodies
Cell Membrane
Central Office
Factory Floor
Plants grown in the factory
Power Plant
Storage rooms
Workers in the assembly line
Finishing/Packing Department
Shipping/Receiving Department
Cell Specialization:
Sperm

The sperm is the part from the male that
transfers into the female's egg
Red Blood Cell

First they contain lots of hemoglobin to carry
as much oxygen as possible.
Muscle Cell
A muscle cell is a cell that makes up muscle
tissue and executes muscle contractions
Nerve Cell
Sends signals to the rest of the body to
perform whatever function the brain wants.
Xylem Cell
A xylem cell makes up the vascular system
of plants and provides support to a plant.
Phloem Cell

The phloem is mainly concerned with the
transport of soluble organic material
P. 5
Unit 4 – Transport & Energetics
Photosynthesis:
Equation –
CO2 +H2O + SUN  C6H12O6 + O2
Chloroplast:
Cell Respiration:
Equation –
C6H12O6 + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O
Mitochondria:
P. 6
Unit 4 – Transport and Energetics
Comparing Aerobic and
Anaerobic Respiration
AEROBIC





ANAEROBIC
Uses oxygen
Produces 36 ATP
Efficient
Its reactants are oxygen and glucose
It occurs in the mitochondria
Releases energy
from food
•
•
•
•
•
Does not uses oxygen
Produces 2 ATP
Not efficient
It reactant is glucose
It occurs in the cytoplasm
Understanding Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion,
Active Transport and Osmosis
Osmosis: In Osmosis
water particles move from
high to a low
concentration
Diffusion: In Diffusion particles move
from a high to a low concentration.
There are 3 types, hypertonic,
hypotonic, Isotonic
Facilitated Diffusion: In Facilitated
Diffusion particles move from an
area of high to low concentration,
uses not energy but uses the
protein channel.
Active Transport: Particles
moving from an area of
high to low concentration,
usea ATP
P. 7
Unit 5 –DNA/Protein Synthesis
DNA replication
Stays in DNA but
gives the opposite letter. A -T and G -C
Converts DNA into RNA.This occurs in the
nucleus and is carried to the ribosome by
mRNA.
Transcription:
Compare & Contrast DNA & RNA:
DNA
RNA
*Deoxyribose
*Nucleic Acids *Ribose
*Double Helix
*Thymine
*Made of
Nucleotides
*Single Stranded
*Uracil
Creating a Protein:
Copy one side of DNA Strand and then transcribe it to RNA. mRNA goes from the nucleus to
the cytoplasm and then to the ribosome. mRNA goes through ribosome 3 bases at a time
Transfer RNA matches up with the open DNA bases. tRNA releases the amino acid at the top,
which joins the chain of amino acids being produced
Making A Protein:
ATG GTA GCT
= UAC CAU CGU
p. 8
Tyrosine, Histidine, Arginine
Unit 6 –Biotechnology
Human Genome Project:
The Human Genome project is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of
determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA.
It is important since it will help to predict and prevent diseases, to develop new and improved
medicines where the diagnosis is accurate.
How Maury uses Gel electrophoresis:
They extract the DNA sample, cut DNA into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes, and put the
smaller DNA fragments into the gel tray. Then they use a charge to separate the pieces of DNA the
smaller pieces will travel further. Last they will analyze the DNA fragments.
STEM CELLS:
Stem cells are very controversial because in order to get an embryonic stem cell an embryo is
destroyed. Stem cells are very useful since they hold the key to replace cells that have been damaged
from injury or disease or can no longer generate.
 Inserting bT into corn with genetic engineering can be both helpful and harmful to corn. One of
the benefits is being able to manage corn pests but one disadvantage is putting at risks the
health of people by injecting toxins into the corn.
CLONING:
Cloning is creating an exact copy of an organism, using that organism’s DNA. It is very controversial
especially with the practicing of human cloning.
Transgenic Organism:
Creating a transgenic organism will start by removing the
plasmid, cut the bacterial DNA using restriction enzymes.
Remove and cut the desired gene from a different organisms.
Then glue a piece of foreign DNA back into the plasmid using
the enzyme ligase. Insert the plasmid back into the bacteria.
Now the bacteria will reproduce and the new gene to make
larger quantities of the desired gene.
P. 9
Unit 7 –Mitosis/Meiosis
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
P. 10
Unit 7 – Mitosis and Meiosis
Haploid and Diploid Cells
In Diploid the cell contains two sets of chromosomes. Most cells in the body are diploid.
The diploid number of chromosomes in a human somatic (body) cell is 46.
Haploid means that the cell contains one set of chromosomes, half of a diploid cell. The
haploid number of chromosomes in a human body cell is 23. A human haploid body
cell denotes a sex cell.
Somatic Cells and Gametes
Somatic cells are mostly body cells, they will reproduce using mitosis and will receive the same
number of chromosomes (46). Gametes are known as the sex cells in which they will receive
23 chromosomes. The two gametes cells from the parents will come together to fertilization
and will create an offspring with a total of 46 chromosomes.
Vocabulary
Crossing over
Random assortment
Mutation
Non – disjunction
Fertilization
That’s when the homologous chromosomes
exchange the genetic information in order to
create genetic variation.
Chromosomes will separate into gametes in a
non specific order.
Any change in the genes
When the chromosomes are not able to
separate properly during meiosis especially
during anaphase.
When the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell
together they will create the offspring.
Unit 8– GENETICS
Explain Genetic Diseases
Disease
Symptom
Down Syndrome
Three chromosomes present
on #21.
Distinctive facial features, such
as a flat face, small ears,
slanting eyes, and a small
mouth.
Turners Syndrome
When only 1 “X” chromosome is
present on number 23.
Hermaphroditism
When there are“XXXY”
chromosomes all present on
number 23.
When there are “XXY”
chromosomes to all present
on number 23.
Women with this condition tend
to be shorter than average and
are usually unable to conceive a
child (infertile) because of an
absence of ovarian function
It has reproductive organs
normally associated with both
male and female sexes
Males will not reach puberty and
are typically underdeveloped.
Klinefelters Syndrome
Vocabulary
Genotype
Phenotype
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Dominant
Recessive
Genes that makeup of an
organism
organism's observable
characteristics or traits
TT – Tall, Tt – hybrid tall
Blue Eyes
Th or Hh
Having the same alleles
TT or HH or hh or tt
A trait will show up in the
Brown (B)eyes are dominant
phenotype when the genotype over blue (b) eyes.
is heterozygous.
Bb=Brown eyes
The phenotype that stays
bb = blue eyes
hidden until both genes are
presents.
Having differentalleles
Unit 8 – Genetics
Punnet Square Activity
Example :Red (R) and White flowers (R’)
Conclusion: The results of this- 100%will be ALL PINK FLOWERS, resulting in
INCOMPLETE dominance.
R
R
RR’
RR’
RR’
RR’
R’
R’
Example: Example: Black (B) dogs are crossed with white (W) dogs
Conclusion: the results of this- 100% dogs will be offspring showing
black AND white phenotypes, resulting in COdominance.
B
B
W BW
BW
W
BW
BW
Example: Father with normal vision and mother with no
colorblindness in her family , but she carries the trait.
Parent’s genotypes: XCY, XCXc
Conclusion: Conclusion: 50% females normal vision, 50%
females will be carriers, 50%males normal vision, 50% males
resulting in a sex linked inheritance problem.
XC Y
XC
XCXC
XCY
Xc XCXc
XcY
p. 13
Unit 8 – Genetics
Pedigree
A pedigree is showing a Dominant trait when there are no
carriers present. A Pedigree is showing a recessive trait when it
either shows no trait in the parents, and the offspring has the
trait…OR it shows the parents carrying the trait and the
offspring exhibiting the trait. A Pedigree shows a sex-linked
trait when only the female is shown as the carrier of a trait.
P. 14
Unit 9– Evolution
Darwin and Lamarck Evolutionary
Theories contrast
LAMARCK
DARWIN
Use and disuse
Transmission of acquired characteristics
Increasing complexity
No extinction
Variation
EVOLUTION
Change over time.
Inheritance
Different Survival
Extinction
Four Major evidence of evolution
Fossils
Homologous Structures
Embryology
Biochemistry
Fossils provide evidence about the history of life
on Earth. It also shows different groups of
organisms, including species that have
changed over time.
Same structure, different function. They indicate
a common ancestry
Embryos appear similar and then differentiate
during development and this shows a common
ancestor.
The more similarities in amino acid sequences,
the closer related organisms are.
Mechanism of evolution:
Coevolution
Geographic Isolation
Genetic Drift
Mimicry
P. 15
Process by which two species evolve in
response to changes in each other.
Form of reproductive isolation in which1 species
become 2 different species after being
separated physically by geographic barrier,
such as rivers, mountains.
Random change in allele frequencies that
occurs in small populations.
Is when one species acts or looks like another
specie to survive.
Unit 9 – Evolution
Bacteria evolving to be
Antibiotic resistant
Hierarchy of Classification
Life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature is a classification system in which each species is assigned a two part
scientific name. The first part identifies the Genus and the second part identifies the Specie. It is
also Latin name. Humans are Homo sapiens
p. 16
Unit 10– Ecology
Innate behavior vs. learned behavior
Innate means being born knowing…Learned refers to acquired from external sources.
Carrying Capacity
The total number of organisms in a given species for which there are sufficient resources, so
that they survive and reproduce.
Humans impacting the environment
• Cutting down trees
•Pollution affecting the ozone layer •Chopping trees is decreasing
wildlife •Hunting (overhunting may lead to extinction) •Burning Fossil Fuels
Mutualism and Parasitism
Mutualism – the two organisms benefit each other.
Parasitism – one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Hook worm in a foot
p. 17
Energy Pyramid
Food Chain
p. 17
Teacher Comments
p. 18
BIOLOGY SEMESTER PROJECT
Table of Contents
Unit 6 Biotechnology ………………………………………………………………………………
9
Human Genome Project
How Maury uses Gel electrophoresis
STEM cells
Cloning
Transgenic Organism
Unit 7Mitosis / Meiosis ….………………………………………………………………………….
10
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Unit 7 Mitosis / Meiosis (continued) …….………………………………………………………….
11
Haploid and Diploid Cells
Somatic Cells and Gametes
Vocabulary
Unit 8 Genetics ………………………………………………………………………………………
12
Explaining Genetic Diseases
Vocabulary
Unit 8 Genetics (continued) …………………………………………………………………………
13
Punnet Square Activities
Unit 8 Genetics (continued)……… ………………………………………………...……………….
14
Pedigree
Unit 9Evolution ……………….. …………………………………………………………………….
15
Darwin and Lamarck Evolutionary Theories Contrast
Four Major Evidences of Evolution
Mechanism of Evolution
Unit 9 Evolution (continued) ……………………………………………………………..…………..
16
Bacteria evolving to be antibiotic resistant
Hierarchy of classification and binomial nomenclature
Unit 12 Ecology ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Innate and learned behavior, vocabulary, food chain, lost energy,
humans impacting the environment
17