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BIOLOGY SEMESTER PROJECT Mrs. Hollis BIOLOGY SEMESTER PROJECT Table of Contents Unit 1 STERNGGR …………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Understanding the characteristics of living things Flowchart (cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism) The Scientific Method Unit 2 Biological Molecules …………………………………………………………………………. 2 Understanding the organic molecules Enzyme substrate complex Unit 2 Biological Molecules (continued) ……………………………………………………………. 3 Understanding the PH Scale Examples relating to each PH Level Vocabulary Unit 3 Cells …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Venn diagram comparing the animal and plant cell Vocabulary for the cell organelles Unit 3 Cells (continued) ……………………………………………………………………………… 5 Cell organelles factory names Cell Specialization Unit 4 Transport and Energetics ……………………………………………………………………. 6 Photosynthesis Cell Respiration Unit 4 Transport and Energetics (continued) ………………………………………………………. 7 Aerobic and Anaerobic Contrast Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, Osmosis Unit 5 DNA/Protein Synthesis ……………………………………………………………………… DNA replication Transcription DNA and RNA Contrast Creating a protein Making a protein 8 Unit 1 – STERNGRR STERNGRR S - Synthesis T - Transport E – Excretion R – Regulation N – Nutrition G – Growth & Develop R – Respiration R - Reproduction Cell Creating larger molecules from smaller molecules Moving materials throughout an organisms system The removal of waste Maintaining an internal balance (homeostasis) Gathering and eating the food sources needed to create energy. Increasing in size and increase into a better form. The act of breaking down the food into energy Without it we would go extinct (asexual & sexual) Tissue Organ Scientific Method Steps 1. Identify the problem 2. Research the problem 3. Make a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Observe and record 6. Arrive at a conclusion P. 1 Organ System Organism Unit 2 – Biological Molecules Enzyme – substrate complex Monome r/ Subunit Polymer Compose d of Function Indicator Examples Examples P. 2 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Lipids Glycerol & 3 fatty acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Proteins Amino Acids Polysaccharides CHO Lipids CHO Nucleic Acids CHNOP Polypeptide Chain CHNOPS *(Fast energy) Storage and transport of energy and structural components Benedict’s solution and Iodine Sugar, Starch Slow energy, insulation, cell membrane Transfer or store genetic information Make parts of cells, immunity, transport molecules, enzymes Sudan IV or brown paper bag. Oil, Fats None! It’s all living things DNA, RNA Biuret’s Solution Hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes Unit 2 – Biological Molecules PH Scale Acid 1 2 3 4 5 Neutral 6 7 Base Alkali 9 10 11 8 12 13 14 Examples: 1: Gastric Acid 6: Urine 2: Lemon Juice 7: Distillated Water 10: Milk of Magnesia 3: Orange Juice 4: Tomato Juice 8: Sea Water 9: Baking Soda 11: Ammonia Solution 12: Soapy Water 5: Black Coffee 13: Bleach Vocabulary: Reusable The enzyme can be used again for another reaction. Substrate Also called a reactant; binds with enzyme in reactions Active Site Where the Substrate and Enzyme would bond Optimal “The Best” or “ideal” Lock and Key The Enzyme and the substrate will bond together and will perfectly form an enzyme complex P. 3 Unit 3 – Cells Venn diagram Animal BOTH Lysosomes Small Vacuoles Eukaryote Mitochondria Sexual Reproduction Nucleus Cytoplasm Plant Chloroplast Cell Walls Large Vacuoles Asexual Makes DNA Vocabulary Nucleus Structure that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities. Material inside the cell membrane – not including the nucleus Organelle found in cells of plants, and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy The Powerhouse of the cell, produces all the energy Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates Small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA & proteins. Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum Thin, flexible barrier around the cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Cytoplasm Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole Ribosome Golgi Bodies Cell Membrane P. 4 UNIT 3 - Cells Cell Organelles Factory Names: Nucleus Cytoplasm Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole Ribosome Golgi Bodies Cell Membrane Central Office Factory Floor Plants grown in the factory Power Plant Storage rooms Workers in the assembly line Finishing/Packing Department Shipping/Receiving Department Cell Specialization: Sperm The sperm is the part from the male that transfers into the female's egg Red Blood Cell First they contain lots of hemoglobin to carry as much oxygen as possible. Muscle Cell A muscle cell is a cell that makes up muscle tissue and executes muscle contractions Nerve Cell Sends signals to the rest of the body to perform whatever function the brain wants. Xylem Cell A xylem cell makes up the vascular system of plants and provides support to a plant. Phloem Cell The phloem is mainly concerned with the transport of soluble organic material P. 5 Unit 4 – Transport & Energetics Photosynthesis: Equation – CO2 +H2O + SUN C6H12O6 + O2 Chloroplast: Cell Respiration: Equation – C6H12O6 + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O Mitochondria: P. 6 Unit 4 – Transport and Energetics Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration AEROBIC ANAEROBIC Uses oxygen Produces 36 ATP Efficient Its reactants are oxygen and glucose It occurs in the mitochondria Releases energy from food • • • • • Does not uses oxygen Produces 2 ATP Not efficient It reactant is glucose It occurs in the cytoplasm Understanding Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport and Osmosis Osmosis: In Osmosis water particles move from high to a low concentration Diffusion: In Diffusion particles move from a high to a low concentration. There are 3 types, hypertonic, hypotonic, Isotonic Facilitated Diffusion: In Facilitated Diffusion particles move from an area of high to low concentration, uses not energy but uses the protein channel. Active Transport: Particles moving from an area of high to low concentration, usea ATP P. 7 Unit 5 –DNA/Protein Synthesis DNA replication Stays in DNA but gives the opposite letter. A -T and G -C Converts DNA into RNA.This occurs in the nucleus and is carried to the ribosome by mRNA. Transcription: Compare & Contrast DNA & RNA: DNA RNA *Deoxyribose *Nucleic Acids *Ribose *Double Helix *Thymine *Made of Nucleotides *Single Stranded *Uracil Creating a Protein: Copy one side of DNA Strand and then transcribe it to RNA. mRNA goes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and then to the ribosome. mRNA goes through ribosome 3 bases at a time Transfer RNA matches up with the open DNA bases. tRNA releases the amino acid at the top, which joins the chain of amino acids being produced Making A Protein: ATG GTA GCT = UAC CAU CGU p. 8 Tyrosine, Histidine, Arginine Unit 6 –Biotechnology Human Genome Project: The Human Genome project is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA. It is important since it will help to predict and prevent diseases, to develop new and improved medicines where the diagnosis is accurate. How Maury uses Gel electrophoresis: They extract the DNA sample, cut DNA into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes, and put the smaller DNA fragments into the gel tray. Then they use a charge to separate the pieces of DNA the smaller pieces will travel further. Last they will analyze the DNA fragments. STEM CELLS: Stem cells are very controversial because in order to get an embryonic stem cell an embryo is destroyed. Stem cells are very useful since they hold the key to replace cells that have been damaged from injury or disease or can no longer generate. Inserting bT into corn with genetic engineering can be both helpful and harmful to corn. One of the benefits is being able to manage corn pests but one disadvantage is putting at risks the health of people by injecting toxins into the corn. CLONING: Cloning is creating an exact copy of an organism, using that organism’s DNA. It is very controversial especially with the practicing of human cloning. Transgenic Organism: Creating a transgenic organism will start by removing the plasmid, cut the bacterial DNA using restriction enzymes. Remove and cut the desired gene from a different organisms. Then glue a piece of foreign DNA back into the plasmid using the enzyme ligase. Insert the plasmid back into the bacteria. Now the bacteria will reproduce and the new gene to make larger quantities of the desired gene. P. 9 Unit 7 –Mitosis/Meiosis Cell Cycle Mitosis METAPHASE PROPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE P. 10 Unit 7 – Mitosis and Meiosis Haploid and Diploid Cells In Diploid the cell contains two sets of chromosomes. Most cells in the body are diploid. The diploid number of chromosomes in a human somatic (body) cell is 46. Haploid means that the cell contains one set of chromosomes, half of a diploid cell. The haploid number of chromosomes in a human body cell is 23. A human haploid body cell denotes a sex cell. Somatic Cells and Gametes Somatic cells are mostly body cells, they will reproduce using mitosis and will receive the same number of chromosomes (46). Gametes are known as the sex cells in which they will receive 23 chromosomes. The two gametes cells from the parents will come together to fertilization and will create an offspring with a total of 46 chromosomes. Vocabulary Crossing over Random assortment Mutation Non – disjunction Fertilization That’s when the homologous chromosomes exchange the genetic information in order to create genetic variation. Chromosomes will separate into gametes in a non specific order. Any change in the genes When the chromosomes are not able to separate properly during meiosis especially during anaphase. When the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell together they will create the offspring. Unit 8– GENETICS Explain Genetic Diseases Disease Symptom Down Syndrome Three chromosomes present on #21. Distinctive facial features, such as a flat face, small ears, slanting eyes, and a small mouth. Turners Syndrome When only 1 “X” chromosome is present on number 23. Hermaphroditism When there are“XXXY” chromosomes all present on number 23. When there are “XXY” chromosomes to all present on number 23. Women with this condition tend to be shorter than average and are usually unable to conceive a child (infertile) because of an absence of ovarian function It has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes Males will not reach puberty and are typically underdeveloped. Klinefelters Syndrome Vocabulary Genotype Phenotype Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Recessive Genes that makeup of an organism organism's observable characteristics or traits TT – Tall, Tt – hybrid tall Blue Eyes Th or Hh Having the same alleles TT or HH or hh or tt A trait will show up in the Brown (B)eyes are dominant phenotype when the genotype over blue (b) eyes. is heterozygous. Bb=Brown eyes The phenotype that stays bb = blue eyes hidden until both genes are presents. Having differentalleles Unit 8 – Genetics Punnet Square Activity Example :Red (R) and White flowers (R’) Conclusion: The results of this- 100%will be ALL PINK FLOWERS, resulting in INCOMPLETE dominance. R R RR’ RR’ RR’ RR’ R’ R’ Example: Example: Black (B) dogs are crossed with white (W) dogs Conclusion: the results of this- 100% dogs will be offspring showing black AND white phenotypes, resulting in COdominance. B B W BW BW W BW BW Example: Father with normal vision and mother with no colorblindness in her family , but she carries the trait. Parent’s genotypes: XCY, XCXc Conclusion: Conclusion: 50% females normal vision, 50% females will be carriers, 50%males normal vision, 50% males resulting in a sex linked inheritance problem. XC Y XC XCXC XCY Xc XCXc XcY p. 13 Unit 8 – Genetics Pedigree A pedigree is showing a Dominant trait when there are no carriers present. A Pedigree is showing a recessive trait when it either shows no trait in the parents, and the offspring has the trait…OR it shows the parents carrying the trait and the offspring exhibiting the trait. A Pedigree shows a sex-linked trait when only the female is shown as the carrier of a trait. P. 14 Unit 9– Evolution Darwin and Lamarck Evolutionary Theories contrast LAMARCK DARWIN Use and disuse Transmission of acquired characteristics Increasing complexity No extinction Variation EVOLUTION Change over time. Inheritance Different Survival Extinction Four Major evidence of evolution Fossils Homologous Structures Embryology Biochemistry Fossils provide evidence about the history of life on Earth. It also shows different groups of organisms, including species that have changed over time. Same structure, different function. They indicate a common ancestry Embryos appear similar and then differentiate during development and this shows a common ancestor. The more similarities in amino acid sequences, the closer related organisms are. Mechanism of evolution: Coevolution Geographic Isolation Genetic Drift Mimicry P. 15 Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. Form of reproductive isolation in which1 species become 2 different species after being separated physically by geographic barrier, such as rivers, mountains. Random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations. Is when one species acts or looks like another specie to survive. Unit 9 – Evolution Bacteria evolving to be Antibiotic resistant Hierarchy of Classification Life Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature is a classification system in which each species is assigned a two part scientific name. The first part identifies the Genus and the second part identifies the Specie. It is also Latin name. Humans are Homo sapiens p. 16 Unit 10– Ecology Innate behavior vs. learned behavior Innate means being born knowing…Learned refers to acquired from external sources. Carrying Capacity The total number of organisms in a given species for which there are sufficient resources, so that they survive and reproduce. Humans impacting the environment • Cutting down trees •Pollution affecting the ozone layer •Chopping trees is decreasing wildlife •Hunting (overhunting may lead to extinction) •Burning Fossil Fuels Mutualism and Parasitism Mutualism – the two organisms benefit each other. Parasitism – one organism benefits and the other is harmed Hook worm in a foot p. 17 Energy Pyramid Food Chain p. 17 Teacher Comments p. 18 BIOLOGY SEMESTER PROJECT Table of Contents Unit 6 Biotechnology ……………………………………………………………………………… 9 Human Genome Project How Maury uses Gel electrophoresis STEM cells Cloning Transgenic Organism Unit 7Mitosis / Meiosis ….…………………………………………………………………………. 10 Cell Cycle Mitosis Unit 7 Mitosis / Meiosis (continued) …….…………………………………………………………. 11 Haploid and Diploid Cells Somatic Cells and Gametes Vocabulary Unit 8 Genetics ……………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Explaining Genetic Diseases Vocabulary Unit 8 Genetics (continued) ………………………………………………………………………… 13 Punnet Square Activities Unit 8 Genetics (continued)……… ………………………………………………...………………. 14 Pedigree Unit 9Evolution ……………….. ……………………………………………………………………. 15 Darwin and Lamarck Evolutionary Theories Contrast Four Major Evidences of Evolution Mechanism of Evolution Unit 9 Evolution (continued) ……………………………………………………………..………….. 16 Bacteria evolving to be antibiotic resistant Hierarchy of classification and binomial nomenclature Unit 12 Ecology ………………………………………………………………………………………. Innate and learned behavior, vocabulary, food chain, lost energy, humans impacting the environment 17