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Intro NJBCT Review
Chapter 1- Introduction to Biology
What is biology?
Characteristics of life
Steps in Scientific Method
Theory vs. Law
Analyzing data in charts and graphs
Metric Measurement and Microscope
Questions:
1. List and describe the characteristics of life
2. List the stages of the scientific method
3. Know how to draw and label a line graph
4. How is the total magnification of a slide calculated?
Chapter 2- Principles of Ecology
● The biosphere
● Levels of organization
● Abiotic factors vs. Biotic factors
Symbiotic relationships
Intra/Interspecific competition
o Predator/prey
o Autotroph / Heterotroph / Producer / Consumer
o Herbivore / Carnivore / omnivore / scavenger / decomposer
Food chain/web
Biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, water)
Biodiversity
Questions:
1. List the levels of organization in order from largest to smallest.
2. Write the three symbiotic relationships and examples of each.
3. Know how to read a food chain and food web.
4. List the four biogeochemical cycles and tell why each is important
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Chapter 3- Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
● Range of tolerance
● Succession
○ Primary vs. Secondary
● Pioneer species
● Climax community
● Terrestrial vs. aquatic Biomes
● Population growth curves
○ J and S-shaped
○ Density dependent and independent factors influence
Questions:
1. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession
2. List examples that lead to secondary succession
3. Know one of the terrestrial biomes
4. Be able to draw, label, and identify the J and S-shaped growth curves.
Chapter 4- Population Ecology
● Population Density
○ Random/clumped/uniform
● Density dependent/density independent factors
● Limiting factors
● Type I, II, and II growth curves
● Human population demographics
● Positive/negative/zero growth
Questions:
1. Draw examples of the three dispersion patterns and give an example from nature
2. Review the shape of the type I, II, and II growth curves.
3. Review the shape of the human population growth curves of developing, stable,
and underdeveloped countries.
Chapter 5- Biodiversity and Conservation
● Biodiversity
● Threats to biodiversity
● Way to protect biodiversity
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Chapter 7- Cellular Structure and Function
● Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
● Four things all cells have
● Cell Theory
● Organelles and their structure and function
o Cell membrane
o Cell wall
o Nucleus
o Mitochondria
o Chloroplast
o Rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
o Golgi bodies
o Vacuole
o Lysosome
o Ribosomes/ nucleolus
● Transport
o Fluid mosaic model
o Parts of the membrane and their function
▪ Carbohyrates
▪ Proteins
▪ Lipids
▪ Cholesterols (sterols)
o Selective permeability
o Hydrophobic versus hydrophilic
o Phospholipid bilayer
o Plasmolysis
o Passive transport
▪ osmosis
▪ diffusion
▪ facilitated diffusion
o Active transport
▪ sodium potassium pump
▪ endocytosis vs. exocytosis
Questions:
1. What are some major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2. What is the endosymbiotic theory? What organelles arose from this theory?
What kinds of cells arose from this theory?
3. What are the four things that all cells have?
4. How did each scientist contribute to the cell theory? What are the three parts
of the cell theory?
5. Draw the plasma membrane. Label its four parts.
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6. What is the function of each organelle?
7. What is the difference between passive and active transport?
8. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Chapter 8- Photosynthesis & Respiration
● Photosynthesis
● Structure of a chloroplast
● Pigments ROYGBIV and wavelength/energy relationship
● Light dependent reactions
o Photosystem I and II
o Electron Transport Chain
● Light independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
o Stomata
● C4 vs. CAM photosynthesis benefits/costs
● Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration
● Fermentation
o Alcoholic vs. lactic acid
Questions:
1. Draw and label the structure of a chloroplast.
2. Know the reactants and products of photosynthesis.
3. Know the reactants and products of respiration.
Questions:
1. Where does glycolysis take place? Aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration?
2. Be able to explain the cyclical relationship between photosynthesis and
respiration.
Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction
o Mitosis
o Interphase
▪ G1, M, G2
o PMAT (mitotic phases)
o Cancer
o Chromosome structure
o Karyotypes
o Haploid vs. diploid
o Meiosis
o Gametogenesis
o Spermatogenesis
o Oogenesis
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Questions
1. What is the diploid chromosome number in humans? Haploid number?
2. Explain what happens in the G1, M, and G2 phases.
3. Which is the longest phase of the cell cycle? How do you know?
4. What is the purpose of karyotypes? What do they show?
5. How is cancer related to the cell cycle?
Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction & Genetics
Chapter 11: Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
● Mendel / Inheritance / Heredity
● Dominant / Recessive
● Heterozygous / homozygous
● Gene / Allele
● Genotype / Phenotype
● Punnett Square / Monohybrid / Dihybrid Crosses
● Mendel’s laws: Independent Assortment, Segregation, Dominance
● Incomplete Dominance / Co-dominance
● Autosomes / Sex chromosomes
● P, F1, F2 generations in pedigrees
● Genetic disorders (Down syndrome, Klinefelters, Turners)
● Pedigrees / autosomal recessive
● Polygenic Inheritance (skin coloration) / Multiple Alleles (blood types)
● Blood typing: A, B, O
● Sex-linked inheritance punnett squares and pedigrees
o Mutations
Questions
1. A woman is heterozygous for height and marries a man who is pure dominant
for height. (T=Tall and t=short). What are the genotype and phenotype ratios
of the offspring?
2. Is it possible for a Type A woman and a Type B man to have a Type O child?
Explain using a punnett square for support.
3. Is it possible for a two Type AB individuals to have a Type O child? Explain
using a punnett square for support.
4. Colorblindness is a sex-linked, recessive trait. Ethan is colorblind. His wife,
Edna, is homozygous for the normal color vision allele. If they have eight
children, how many of them would you expect to be colorblind? Using Punnett’s
squares derive and compare the genotypic and phenotypic ratios expected for
the offspring of this marriage.
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5. What are the two-types of non-Mendelian inheritance exemplified by ABO
blood-typing? Describe each.
6. A man with Type O blood marries a woman with heterozygous Type A blood.
What are the possible phenotypes of the children?
Chapter 15: Evolution
o Evolution
o Natural Selection
o Variation / Adaptation / Fitness
o Homologous structure / Analagous structure / Vestigial structures
o Lamarck / Darwin
o Fossils
o Kettlewell and peppered moths / Industrial melanism
o Types of natural selection (Directional / Stabilizing / Disruptive)
o Hardy-Weinberg formulas
o p+q=1
o p2+2pq+q2=1
o Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Large, Random, No, No, No)
o Types of isolation (geographic & reproductive)
o Speciation
Questions
1. What two ideas did Lamarck use to describe evolution?
2. What evidence do scientists have to show that evolution has occurred?
3. What are the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution?
4. Name and describe 3 types of natural selection.
5. Describe the process of speciation.
6. According to the modern definition of evolution, if the recessive allele frequency
in a population is 0.3
Calculate p, p2, q2, and 2pq
Chapter 12: Molecular Genetics
o List the three parts of a nucleotide
o List the main differences between RNA and DNA
o Describe how DNA replicates in a cell. - Replication
o Differentiate between transcription and translation.
o Define or identify the following terms
● Codon / anticodon
● nitrogen bases
▪ Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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complementary base pairs / purine / pyrimidine
genetic code
tRNA / mRNA / rRNA
ligase / helicase / RNA polymerase / DNA polymerase
Okazaki fragment
Semi-conservative Replication / Replication fork
Questions
1. The following DNA sequence shows a "gene" encoding a protein.
Original Strand: TAC CAT GTG AAT ATC
a. Write the complementary DNA strand.
b. Write the mRNA strand, which would be made from the original strand
of DNA.
c. What would be the amino acid sequence translated from the above
sequence.
d. How many codons are represented in the above example?
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Chapter 13: Gene technology
o GATTACA
o PCR
o Restriction Enzyme
o Gel electrophoresis
o Clone / plasmid / probe
o Recombinant DNA
o Gene therapy / Vaccines
o Ethics
o Forensic analysis
Questions
1. What are the main steps in Recombinant DNA technology?
2. Why do you use PCR and gel electrophoresis?
3. How does this relate to crime scene investigations?
4. What is the importance of sequencing genomes of species?
5. What is the Human Genome Project and how does it apply to modern life?
6. How does genetic engineering help / not help agriculture?
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