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CHAPTER 14 - The Roman Republic 509 BC - 30 BC Section 1: The Government * Head of Roman Republic = __________ - were administrators & ____________ - had the power to __________ = _______________________________ * Senate - 300 men - chosen ___________ - handled ________________________________ - discussed ways to deal with other countries, _________, and approved ___________________ * Tribunes = _______________________________________ - all Roman citizens belonged to the assemblies, which could declare _______ or __________ * 450 BC, Twelve Tablets = ___________________________________ - laws applied to _______________ and ________________ - became the ________ for all _____________________ * Election of tribunes and recording laws = _____________________________ - by 250 BC _____________ could hold public office Section 1 Assessment 1) Define a) republic ___________________________________________________ b) patricians __________________________________________________ c) plebeians___________________________________________________ d) consuls ___________________________________________________ e) veto ______________________________________________________ f) tribunes ____________________________________________________ 2) What were some of the restrictions placed on the plebeians during the early years of the Roman Republic ? ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3) Why do you think it was important for the Romans to have laws written down ? ________ _________________________________________________________________ 4) See pg 220 - Draw the diagram and use it to describe each part of Roman government. Section 2: Roman Expansion * Worked to ______ what they had set up - afraid the _______ would try to gain control of Rome - crossed the ______________ and ________ several Etruscan cities - 290 BC = ______________________ - 146 BC = _______________________ * Gained Territory - strong army that was organized into _____________ - legionaries = ________________________________________ - Legion had several advantages - smaller and ____________________________ - fought as a group and attacked from only ____________________ - well ____________ - hours practicing, long marches, built fortified camps * Romans As Rulers * At first they did not tax the people they conquered. - could keep their _________ and take care of _________________ - conquered were expected to ______________________________ Section 2 Assessment 1) Define a) legions ____________________________________________________ b) legionaries _________________________________________________ 2) Why were the Romans able to gain territory ? _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3) What was life like for a Roman legionary ? ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4) How would you describe the way the Romans treated people they conquered, and do you think this was wise ? Explain ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5) Draw a chart (see pg 222) and use it to show the cause and effects of Roman conquest of Etruscan cities. Section 3: The Punic Wars The First Punic War * 1st Punic War * 264 BC = Romans clashed with ___________ * 1st of 3 wars known as the _______________ * Military * Carthage’s = _______________ * Rome’s = __________________ - had no navy - modeled their ________ after a _______________found ________ - added a corvus = _______________________________________ - allowed soldiers to board an enemy ship and fight hand to hand - Romans __________ the Carthaginians in 241 BC Hannibal and the Second Punic War * Began 218 BC * Carthaginians led by ____________________attacked the ______________ * Hannibal’s army fought its way to the _______________________________ - did not have heavy enough equipment to tear down the city’s walls - could not get more supplies as the ______________________________ * Rome attacked ________ causing ___________ to lose his 1st battle and war * Carthage gave up all its _____________, including ______________ The Third Punic War * Peace for _____yrs. * Carthage began to show signs of wanting to regain power * ___________attacked in 149 BC - ______ and _______________so nothing would grow - _________ and/or sold into _____________ * Greek City State of Corinth - refused to obey _________ - Romans __________________ and burned it to the ground - added Greece to its rule Section 3 Assessment 1) What territory did Carthage control in 264 BC ? _______________________ 2) What happened to Carthage in the Third Punic War ? _________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3) How did Rome become the leading power of the Mediterranean world ? ______________ _________________________________________________________________ 4) What might have happened to Rome if it had lost the Punic Wars ? _________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5) Fill in the chart and use it to summarize the outcome of each of the Punic Wars. PUNIC WARS First Second Third OUTCOME Section 4: Effects of Conquest Agricultural Changes * 1st change = size & _______________ - latifundias = ___________________ - produced ______, ______, _________ also ________, ________ * Main reason for change = ________________ - Roman farmers __________________ - By the 2nd Punic War most of the land __________________ * Workers on the Land * 146 BC = _________ was widespread. Most lived/worked on ____________ From Farm to City * Most farmers moved to the _______ and sold their land - lived in _________________ under terrible conditions - _______ were not connected to the ___________ (nor sewers) - typhus = ______________________________ Decline of the Roman Republic * Romans began to _____________ and ___________ from areas they conquered * Publicans = _____________________________________________ - They paid Rome ahead of time for the contracts - They _________ taxes from _______________ * Rome in Trouble - 135 BC - farmers lost their land , ____________ and ________________ - __________ became poor because _________________________ - The gap between the rich and ______ grew - Rome was no longer politically stable. Section 4 Assessment 1) Define a) latifundias __________________________________________________ b) publicans ___________________________________________________ 2) How was Roman agriculture influenced by Hannibal ? __________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3) What was it life like in Rome during the decline of the republic ? __________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4) Why might a large gap between rich and poor present problems for an empire ? ________ ________________________________________________________________ 5) Using this diagram - compare Roman agriculture before and after the rise of the latifundias. BEFORE RISE OF LATIFUNDIAS __> AFTER ___> Section 5: Roman Leadership The Reformers * 1st Reformer = _______________________ - wanted to ________ the amount of land a ____________ - wanted to _________ up public land and give them to the _________ - the ______ vetoed his ideas - ran for a 2nd term as a ______ but the ________ staged a _______ and had him killed. * 2nd Reformer = ________________________ (brother of Tiberius) - thought _______________ from the city back to the ____________ - government took over the ____________________ to be able to sell it to the _______ for below market prices - wheat ended up being _________________ - Senate felt ____________ and had him _________ in 121 BC The Generals * Military Hero/became consul = __________________________ - first ____________ Roman to be __________ to the high office - thought he could end Rome’s troubles by setting up a professional army - he opened the _______ to everyone - convinced the poor to join by ___________________________ - booty = ____________________________________________ - this ended up hurting the government as the soldiers gave to the general to hired and paid them. * Commander Lucius Cornelius Sulla ________ Marius - marched his army on _____ and _________________ - civil _____ broke out - Sull made himself dictator = _____________________________ - believed in increasing the power of the ___________ - doubled the Senate’s size - Senators = __________ - tribunes = ___________ - Generals could no longer hold the same _______ for more than ______year at a time Julius Caesar * Sulla retired power passed to ___________ = __________________________ * First Triumvirate - Marcus Licinius Crassus, _____________, and __________________ - Pompeius (Pompey) believed in a _________ that would be ruled by ______________ - Caesar believed ______________________________ *Caesar - gained control after Pompey was murdered - had both _____________ and strong family ____________ - named __________of a Roman province in ________ - built up a __________________ - Senate began to fear he was growing too strong and ordered him to _____________________________________ - he became the _________ of Rome - Caesar’s Reforms - redistributed ___________________ - built roads, _______, and _____________________________ - planned/paid for _____________________ - doubled the _______________________ - Roman citizenship to _________, ___________, _________ - adopted a new _______________ based on the _______________ - Caesar was ___________ to death as he entered the __________ in 44 BC End of the Republic * Power was passed from Caesar to another triumvirate: 1) __________________ 2) __________________ 3) __________________ * Fights among the three leaders ended up with __________ winning. - Sole ruler of Roman Empire = ___________________________ Section 5 Assessment: 1) Define: a) dictator _________________________________________________ b) triumvirate _______________________________________________ 2) Why did civil war break out in Rome ? __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3) Why did a group of Roman senators murder Julius Caesar ? ______________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4) How effective do you think a triumvirate is as a form of government ? Explain _________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5) Using the chart -- summarize the reforms supported by popular leaders during the closing years of the Roman Republic. LEADER REFORM EFFECT