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Economic, political, and sociological barriers and solutions for adaptation planning WI Plant Communities Sept 22-23, 2016 Dr. Tricia Gorby Knoot and Dr. Adena Rissman WI Dept of Natural Resources Dept of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, UW-Madison Identifying barriers and solutions to adaptation planning 2 Adaptation as a process Moser and Ekstrom. 2010. PNAS 107(51):22026-22031 Barriers & Solutions Barriers & Solutions Multiple actors Different scales (Psychological, sociological, and organizational context) Barriers & Solutions 3 What are the psychological barriers to behavior change? Gifford. 2011. The Dragons of Inaction Psychological Barriers That Limit Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. American Psychologist. Vol. 66, No. 4, 290–302 Seven categories 1) Limited cognition 2) Ideologies 3) Comparison with others 4) Sunk costs 5) Discredence 6) Perceived risk 7) Limited behavior Identify barriers Develop interventions Evaluate 4 Identify barriers Develop interventions Evaluate Ask questions •Is there uncertainty around climate change impacts? •Are managers’ perceiving climate change as a problem? •Do managers’ feel they have the capacity to make changes? •Do managers’ feel their networks (other managers/ supervisors) support adaptation planning? •Are there other goals for the property that conflict with adaptation planning? 5 Barriers and opportunities to climate adaptation on public lands Anhalt-Depies, C.M., T. Gorby Knoot, A.R. Rissman, A.K. Sharp, and K.J. Martin. 2016. Understanding climate adaptation on public lands in the Upper Midwest: Implications for monitoring and tracking progress. Environmental Management 57(5):987-997. *Funding/project through UMGL LCC, WI DNR; Knoot et al. 2014, LCC report Survey of managers (Census = 348; 69% response) & 29 indepth interviews Familiarity with projections Experiences Climate change beliefs Manager Adaptation Personal and agency priority Perceived barriers 6 Barriers and opportunities to climate adaptation on public lands *Knoot et al. 2014, LCC report Potential factors of influence Experiences Climate change beliefs Climate change projections Frequency of climate change discussions Howmanaging do past for Those climate change experiences influence Those not managing for climate change On average, more perceived action? impacts Greater % very certain Greater % unsure Greater % somewhat or very (familiar) important Greater % of regular discussions Greater % rare discussions Personal & agency priority Greater % high priority Greater % not a priority Supervisor support limitation Greater % not limiting 7 Barriers and opportunities to climate adaptation on public lands Feedback: Shortterm experiences and redefinition of the problem Figure from Anhalt-Depies et al. 2016; *Funding/project through UMGL LCC, WI DNR; Knoot et al. 2014, LCC report 8 Take home points • Barriers can occur throughout the process and at different scales • Identify barriers, and align solutions to remove those barriers: Uncertainty Knowledge/ familiarity Social support Emphasis on personal experience - stories can be shared with others 9 Adaptation Readiness How organizational and policy characteristics shape climate adaptation responses • Enhance organizational readiness for adaptation ~ Just because we can adapt doesn’t mean we do • Create legal structures and administrative processes that promote principled adaptation • Build learning organizations 10 Adaptation Readiness Ford, J.D. and D. King. 2015. A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 20: 505-526 11 Adaptive Capacity into Action Climate adaptation policy Ford, J.D. and D. King. 2015. A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 20: 505-526 12 Legal & administrative process Hemlock vs nonnative conifers for climate adaptation: who decides? Eastern hemlock Rissman et al. 2015 Adapting conservation easements to climate change. Conservation Letters Conservation easements in Wisconsin 34 conservation easements in Wisconsin 1 federal agency (NRCS); 3 DNR branches: Forestry, ER/Natural Heritage Conservation, Fisheries; 4 nonprofit land trusts Legal structure: • Do easements provide helpful mechanisms for principled adaptation? • Do terms restrict action in ways that are not helpful now such as “no herbicides”? Mechanisms for change: • Management plan (74%), discretionary consent (65%), amendment clause (53%), org has active mgmt. rights (50%), compliance with outside policy (47%), permits to modify (12%) • DNR-ER (now NHC) easements prohibited amendment • NRCS, DNR, and some land trusts say the holder can manage actively Lack of consistency on what adaptation means: • Managing for species persistence or for natural habitat/open space? Limited capacity for monitoring, stewardship • DNR-ER and Fisheries monitored less than DNR-Forestry and land trusts, based on 2012 interviews Rissman et al. 2013. Land management restrictions and options for change in perpetual 14 conservation easements. Environmental Management 52:277-288 1) Resource Adequacy 2) Information systems Organizational learning 3) Learning forums 5) Mission orientation 4) Decision flexibility Barriers to learning Conditions that foster learning 1) Low resources, reactive coping Capacity for specialized, proactive efforts 2) Incomplete, invalid info, not available to right people at right time Collect & diffuse relevant information to target users 3) Defensive social norms Organizational openness, use data for solving problems not blaming 3) Taboo subjects Willingness to entertain others’ views 4) Mismatch btwn knowledge & authority Empowering employees to make decisions 5) Ambiguous vision and goals Shared vision and goals Take home points: organizational adaptation • In divided governance system, we all have an important but constrained role • To increase readiness and learning: Avoid legal structures that constrain principled adaptation Expect increased stewardship demands Collect & diffuse usable information Promote openness to ideas Develop learning forums where it’s ok to disagree (comfortable being uncomfortable) Build toward shared vision and goals 16 Acknowledgements Rissman research group and collaborators C. Wardropper, E. Booth, S. Gillon, C. Locke, A. L’Roe, C. Rittenhouse C. Anhalt-Depies, K. Martin, and A. Sharp National Science Foundation WSC DEB 1038759, IGERT DGE 1144752, LTER DEB 0832652 McIntire Stennis Act, USDA Resources Legacy Fund Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Upper Midwest and Great Lakes LCC All those who care about people in places