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PRACTICE
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Unit 6 Learning Operant Conditioning
In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent learning
2. The study of response-stimulus associations is to ________ as the study of stimulus-stimulus
associations is to ________.
A) Pavlov; Bandura
B) Watson; Skinner
C) Watson; Bandura
D) Skinner; Pavlov
E) Skinner; Bandura
3. Because Andrew was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does
so. Andrew's behavior change best illustrates the value of:
A) negative reinforcement.
B) classical conditioning.
C) conditioned reinforcers.
D) operant conditioning.
E) observational learning.
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called:
shaping.
behaviorism.
observational learning.
the law of effect.
latent learning.
5. A Skinner box is a(n):
A) soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of
distracting noise.
B) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors.
C) special "slot machine" that is used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on gambling
behavior.
D) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer.
E) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):
conditioned stimulus.
respondent.
unconditioned stimulus.
reinforcer.
operant.
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7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
An aversive consequence that decreases the recurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a:
negative reinforcer.
punishment.
conditioned stimulus.
delayed reinforcer.
conditioned reinforcer.
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called:
generalization.
intermittent reinforcement.
shaping.
secondary reinforcement.
modeling.
9. Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers ________
the rate of operant responding.
A) decrease; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) increase; increase
D) have no effect on; decrease
E) increase; have no effect on
10. Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ________ the
rate of operant responding.
A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) have no effect on; decrease
E) decrease; have no effect on
11. The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus
is to ________.
A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
B) acquisition; extinction
C) reinforcement; punishment
D) generalization; discrimination
E) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
12. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with another reinforcer is called a
________ reinforcer.
A) negative
B) primary
C) partial
D) conditioned
E) positive
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13. After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently
dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the
importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
A) primary reinforcement
B) spontaneous recovery
C) latent learning
D) generalization
E) biological predispositions
14.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The use of physical punishment may:
lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior.
demonstrate that aggression is a way of coping with problems.
lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.
do all the above.
15. Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store.
Although at one time her mother granted every request, she now does so only occasionally.
Research suggests that Della will:
A) soon give up asking for a treat entirely.
B) come to ask for a treat only occasionally.
C) continue to ask for a treat every time she goes to the store.
D) ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.
16. A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under
conditions of ________ reinforcement followed by ________ reinforcement.
A) continuous; partial
B) primary; secondary
C) partial; continuous
D) secondary; primary
17.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):
specified time period has elapsed.
unpredictable time period has elapsed.
specified number of responses have been made.
unpredictable number of responses have been made.
18. Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls
he makes, while Michael is paid 1 dollar for every subscription he sells, regardless of the
number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas
Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) variable-ratio; fixed-ratio
B) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
C) fixed-ratio; variable-interval
D) fixed-interval; variable-ratio
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19. On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10
minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of this quiet play before treat time, and on
Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was
taught to play quietly for extended periods through:
A) latent learning.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) shaping.
E) modeling.
20. In a well-known experiment, nursery school children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo
doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:
A) negative reinforcement.
B) operant conditioning.
C) respondent behavior.
D) observational learning.
E) spontaneous recovery.
21. Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This
illustrates the importance of:
A) delayed reinforcement.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) respondent behavior.
E) shaping.
22. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This
illustrates the importance of:
A) respondent behavior.
B) immediate reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) modeling.
E) shaping.
23.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was:
Skinner.
Pavlov.
Watson.
Bandura.
Garcia.
24.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Who would be most likely to emphasize the importance of observational learning?
Watson
Bandura
Skinner
Pavlov
Wundt
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