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The Crusades: Religion, Violence, and Growth in Medieval Europe Kenyon College, Department of History, Bowman HIST 328 / Spring 2009 In 1095, Pope Urban II called on European knights to reconquer the city of Jerusalem. In doing so, he launched the first crusade. The objectives of the first crusaders may have been fairly circumscribed, but for the next four centuries the crusading movement had complex and varied consequences for the inhabitants of Europe, north Africa, and the Middle East. In this course, we will examine (1) the confluence of religious, political, and economic motivations that inspired crusaders, (2) the extension of the ideas and practices of crusading to the Iberian peninsula and parts of northern Europe, and (3) the manifold interreligious and cross-cultural exchanges (peaceful and violent) that resulted from the crusades. Most of the reading for the course will be primary sources – that is, narrative accounts and records written by the people who participated in or observed the events they described. Among other things, we will explore how we can reconstruct a coherent sense of the past from sources that are partial and interested. For example, we will examine how Jewish, Christian, and Muslim witnesses might describe the same events differently. To what degree can these differences be attribute to religious differences, and to what extent to social status, nationality, gender, or individual personality? Assignments Short Paper Submit 4-5 page paper on assigned topic. Due February 10 at 8:00 PM. Source Study Answer a series of questions about one of the primary sources in Crusades: A Readers and discuss how we might use it as historical evidence. Due April 1 at 9:00 PM. Prospectus with Submit 2-page prospectus describing the goals and annotated organization of your research paper. Prospectus should bibliography. include annotated bibliography identifying primary and secondary works relevant to your research paper. Due February 28 at 6:00 PM. Presentation or Individually or in small groups, you will give a 12-minute Discussion presentation related to your research. You will be responsible for distributing relevant reading and questions in advance of the presentation. Alternately, you may choose to lead discussion for part of one seminar meeting. February 23, April 23, April 30 Research Paper A 12-15 page research paper based on the sources or themes listed at the end of the syllabus. Due May 4 at 12:00 noon. Participation Attendance is mandatory. After two unexcused absences, a and student’s grade will drop rapidly and irrevocably. Students Professionalism must have completed the assigned readings by class time. Energetic, frequent, and thoughtful participation in discussion is a vital element of this seminar and constitutes a significant portion of your grade. All day, every day! For details about grading, see final page of syllabus 150 points 150 points 150 points 100 points 250 points 200 points Books Thomas F. Madden, A New Concise History of the Crusades Amt and Allen, Crusades: A Reader The First Crusade, ed. Edward Peters Peter W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards Joinville and Villehardouin, Chronicles of the Crusades The Poem of the Cid An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades, P. Hitti January 15 1. Introduction: Religion, Violence, Growth January 22 2. The First Crusade The First Crusade, ed. Edward Peters, chapters I, II, III, V, VIII, IX Madden, Concise History, chapters 1 and 2 January 29 3. Pilgrimage, Society, Holy War Crusades: A Reader, nos. 1-11, 25, 26, 28, 29, 45, 49, 54 Georges Duby, “Youth in Aristocratic Society,” in The Chivalrous Society ** Leigh Ann Craig, “Stronger than men and braver than knights’: Women and Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome in the later Middle Ages,” Journal of Medieval History 29 (2003): 153-75. February 5 4. The Second Crusade and the Crusader States Crusades: A Reader, nos. 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 76 Hitti, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, 3-142, 171-97 Madden, Concise History, chapters 3 and 4 C. J. Tyerman, “Were There Any Crusades in the Twelfth Century?” English Historical Review 110 (1995): 553-577. February 10 *** Short Paper Due *** February 12 5. The Third Crusade in Latin Peter W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, 1-154 Crusades: A Reader, nos. 43, 44, 45, 46. February 19 6. The Third Crusade in Arabic The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 1-145 Crusades: A Reader, no. 40. Peter W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, 158-66 C. P. Melville and M. C. Lyons, “Saladin’s Hattin Letter,” in B. Z. Kedar ed., The Horns of Hattin, pp. 208-12. ** B. Z. Kedar, “The Battle of Hattin Revisited,” in B. Z. Kedar ed., The Horns of Hattin, pp. 190-207. ** February 26 7. The Third Crusade in Arabic II The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 146-250 A Christian/Muslim Debate of the 12th century, MS: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/christ-muslim-debate.html “The Idea of Jihad in Islam before the Crusades,” http://www.doaks.org/Crusades/CR02.pdf Norman Housley, “The Crusades and Islam,” Medieval Encounters13 (2007): 189-208. February 28 Prospectus Due at 6:00 PM March 19 8. The Fourth Crusade Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople Crusades: A Reader, 56, 58, 60. Madden, Concise History, chapter 5 Anne Dulop, “Masculinity, Crusading, and Devotion: Francesco Casali’s Fresco in the Trecento Perugian Contado,” Speculum 76 (2001): 315-336. March 26 9. Crusade and Reconquista Poem of the Cid, first two cantars Crusades: A Reader, nos. 66, 68, 69, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 Madden, Concise History, chapter 6 Patrick J. O’Banion, “What has Iberia to do with Jeruslaem? Crusade and the Spanish Route to the Holy Land in the Twelfth Century,” Journal of Medieval History 34 (2008): 383-395. April 1 Source Study Due at 9:00 PM April 2 10. No seminar meeting. April 9 11. Saint Louis Joinville, Life of Saint Louis in Chronicles Madden, Concise History, chapter 7-9 Crusades: A Reader, nos. 85, 86, 88, 90, 91 Christoph Maier, “The Roles of Women in the Crusade Movement: A Survey,” Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004): 61-82. Evolution of Crusader Privileges, 1095-1270: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-privs.html April 16 12. Crusades on Film Ridley Scott, Kingdom of Heaven April 23 13. Research Presentations Readings as Assigned April 30 14. Legacies of the Crusades Madden, Concise History, chapter 10, conclusion Adam Knobler, “Holy Wars, Empires, and the Portability of the Past: The Modern Uses of Medieval Crusades,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 (2006): 293-325. Loretta Napoleoni, “Modern Jihad: The Islamist Crusade,” SAIS Review of International Affairs23 (2003): 53-69. Additional readings as assigned May 4 Noon, Research Paper Due in Seitz House Themes Archaeology, Art, and Architecture Men, Women, Gender Jews and the Crusades The Crusades in Islamic Historiography Military Technology and the Crusades Military Orders Ideas of Holy War The Crusades and Commerce Pilgrimage and Crusade Lay Spirituality and Crusading The Aftereffects of the Crusades The Crusades and Intellectual History Violence, Social Order before the First Crusade Courtly Representation of Crusade Crusade and Literature Primary Sources in Translation Collections The Crusades: A Documentary Survey, ed. James Brundage. Milwaukee, 1962. The Crusades: A Reader, ed. S. J. Allen, Emilie Amt. 2003. Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274-1580, ed. Norman Housley. New York, 1996. The First Crusade and Its Aftermath Anna Comnena, The Alexiad. English translations by E. R. A. Sewter and Elizabeth Dawes. Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade: Historia Ihersolimitana, ed. Carol Sweetenham. 2005. The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the First Crusade, ed. Bachrach, Bachrach. Walter the Chancellor’s The Antiochene Wars, A Translation and Commentary, Tom Asbridge and Susan Edgington. The Second Crusade Odo of Deuil, De profectione ludovici VII in orientem/The Journey of Louis VII to the East, New York, 1948 William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E. A. Babcock. 2 vols. New York, 1943. De expugnatione Lyxbonensi: The conquest of Lisbon, ed. Charles Wendell David. New York, 1936. Third Crusade The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, Helen J. Nicholson. The Third Crusade: An Eye-Witness Account of the Campaigns of Richard . . ., ed. Kenneth Fenwick. Lonon, 1958. The Fourth Crusade Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople. New York, 1936. Crusaders as Conquerors: The Chronicle of Morea, trans. H. E. Lurier. New York 1964. Alfred J. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade. Leiden, 2000. The Capture of Constantinople: The ‘Historia Constantinopolitana’ of Gunther of Paris, ed. Aldred Andrea. 1997. Henry of Livonia. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, ed. James A. Brundage. Madison, 1961. Albigensian Crusade and The Iberian Peninsula Guillaume de Tudela, The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. J. Shirley. 2000. Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay. History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. W.A. and M.D. Sibly. 1998. The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon, ed Damian Smith and Helena Buffery. World of el Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish reconquest. Ed. Simon Barton & Richard Fletcher. Manchester, 2000. Fifth Crusade and Later Oliver of Paderborn, The Capture of Damietta, trans. John J. Gavigan. Philadelphia, 1948. Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198-1229, including the Capture of Damietta . . , ed. Edward Peters. 1971. Guillaume de Machaut, The Capture of Alexandria, ed. Peter W Edbury, Janet Shirley. 2001. The Templar of Tyre: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’, ed. Paul Crawford. 2003. The Crusade against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418-1437. Sources and Documents for the Hussite Crusades. The Crusade of Varna, 1443-1445, Colin Imber. 2006. Philip of Novara. The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus. Columbia, 1936. Helmold, priest of Bosau. The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold, trans. Francis J. Tschan. Columbia, 1935. Arabic / Hebrew The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh, 2 parts, trans. D. S. Richards. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi. The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades, trans. Shlomo Eidelberg. Useful Overviews and Reference Works Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe K. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade Richard Fletcher, Saint James’s Catapult Nicholas Jasperts, The Crusades: A Concise History Peter Lock, The Routledge Companion to the Crusades Hans Eberhard Mayer, The Crusades. 2nd edition. Oxford, 1988. E. Peters, Europe in the Middle Ages. B. Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages. S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: a short history. New Haven, 1987. J. Riley–Smith, The First Crusaders, 1095–1131. Cambridge, 1977 K. Setton, A History of the Crusades Christopher Tyerman, The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades Formulating Semester Grades There are 1000 possible points to be earned over the course of the semester. I will give all assignments numeric grades. In other words, the only letter grade you will receive in History 328 will be the final semester grade. Short Paper Source Study Prospectus with annotated bibliography Presentation Research Paper Participation and Professionalism TOTAL TOTAL POINTS 985-1000 930-984 885-929 870-884 820-879 February 10, 8:00 PM April 1, 9:00 PM February 26 at 6:00 PM. 150 points 150 points 150 points February 23, April 23, April 30 May 4, 12:00 noon All day, every day 100 points 250 points 200 points SEMESTER GRADE A+ A AB+ B 1000 TOTAL POINTS 790-819 770-819 720-769 690-719 590-689 Below 690 SEMESTER GRADE BC+ C CD F