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Evolution
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Evidence for the evolution of life comes from all of the following except
a. chemical experiments.
b. fossils.
c. chemical analysis of ancient rocks and core samples.
d. the Bible.
e. DNA mutations.
____ 2. Which of the following best describe biologists' current hypothesis about the production
of the earth's atmospheric oxygen?
a. Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants produced atmospheric oxygen.
b. The breakdown of iron ore deposits produced atmospheric oxygen.
c. Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria produced atmospheric oxygen.
d. Chemosynthesis by terrestrial plants produced atmospheric oxygen.
e. Chemosynthesis by aquatic plants produced atmospheric oxygen.
____ 3. The gas that is least likely to have formed Earth's primitive atmosphere is
a. methane.
b. ammonia.
c. oxygen.
d. water vapor.
e. nitrogen.
____ 4. The source of energy that probably contributed least to the synthesis of biological
chemicals on primitive Earth is
a. ultraviolet light.
b. hydropower.
c. radioactivity.
d. lightning.
e. sunlight.
____ 5. Which of the following explain(s) the origin of organic molecules on Earth?
a. formation of organic molecules from gaseous inorganic molecules and an
energy source
b. formation of organic molecules around hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor
c. formation on dust particles in outer space
d. all of these answers
e. none of these answers
____ 6. The most likely sequence for the biological evolution of life is
a. aerobic prokaryotes-photosynthetic prokaryotes-anaerobic prokaryoteseukaryotes-multicellular organisms.
b. photosynthetic prokaryotes-anaerobic prokaryotes-aerobic prokaryoteseukaryotes-multicellular organisms.
c. anaerobic prokaryotes-photosynthetic prokaryotes-aerobic prokaryoteseukaryotes-multicellular organisms.
d. eukaryotes-anaerobic prokaryotes-photosynthetic prokaryotes-aerobic
prokaryotes-multicellular organisms.
e. aerobic prokaryotes-eukaryotes-anaerobic prokaryotes photosynthetic
prokaryotes-multicellular organisms.
____ 7. The oxygen revolution was most likely brought about by
a. lightning creating ozone.
b. ultraviolet light breaking down ozone.
c. chemosynthetic bacteria.
d. cyanobacteria.
e. decomposers.
____ 8. The distance of the earth from the sun
a. ensures that our climate will be too hot for evolution to continue.
b. ensures that our climate will be too cold for evolution to continue.
c. ensures that the earth will overheat of its own accord long before global
warming from human causes could happen.
d. has created a temperature just right for the evolution of life that is
dependent upon water.
e. ensures that our climate will be too cold for evolution to continue.
____ 9. The size of the earth
a. keeps the iron-nickel core solid.
b. prevents transfer of geothermal energy to the surface of the planet.
c. has enough mass to gravitationally attract the atmosphere.
d. keeps it in orbit at a constant distance from the sun.
e. does not prevent transfer of geothermal energy to the surface of the planet.
____ 10. The fossil record is incomplete because
a. not all fossils have been found.
b. some fossils have decomposed.
c. some life forms left no fossils.
d. all of these answers
e. none of these answers
____ 11. You are a fossil hunter. Which of the following are you least likely to find in a fossil?
a. bone
b. leaves
c. teeth
d. muscle
e. shells
____ 12. A change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations is called
a. emigration.
b. mutation.
c. natural selection.
d. evolution.
e. genetic drift.
____ 13. The term that describes small genetic changes that a population within a species
experiences is
a. coevolution.
b. microevolution.
c. convergent evolution.
d. macroevolution.
e. genetic drift.
____ 14. The term used to describe the long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes among groups
of species is
a. coevolution.
b. microevolution.
c. convergent evolution.
d. macroevolution.
e. genetic drift.
____ 15. A gene pool is the
a. collection of genes being used in the human genome project.
b. genetic composition of an organism.
c. genetic composition of a population.
d. genetic composition of a community.
e. genetic composition of an ecosystem.
____ 16. Mutations can be caused by
a. ultraviolet light.
b. X rays.
c. certain chemicals.
d. radioactivity
e. all of these answers
____ 17. The change from a light to a dark color in the peppered moth was the result of
a. insecticides.
b. industrial pollution.
c. a change in predators.
d. an increase in ultraviolet radiation.
e. migration.
____ 18. The changes in coloration within the population of peppered moths is an example of
a. coevolution.
b. microevolution.
c. convergent evolution.
d. macroevolution.
e. genetic drift.
____ 19. Mutations are
a. always occurring in patterns.
b. very common events.
c. a source of new genetic material.
d. always harmful.
e. all of these answers
____ 20. You are an evolutionary biologist studying a population of bats in the rainforest of Brazil.
Most of the population possesses moderate length wings, although some individuals have
long wings and some individuals have short wings. Over the course of time, you notice that
the frequency of moderate-length wings increases. You conclude that the most likely cause
of this development is
a. stabilizing natural selection.
b. directional natural selection.
c. diversifying natural selection.
d. coevolution.
e. continuous natural selection.
____ 21. As you study a population of fruit flies, you notice that pink eye color is the most common,
although white eyes and red eyes are also present. Over the course of time and many
generations, you notice that the proportion of individuals with pink eyes steadily increases.
You conclude that this population is undergoing
a. continuous natural selection.
b. disruptive natural selection.
c. directional natural selection.
d. stabilizing natural selection.
e. coevolution.
____ 22. In a population of cats, you notice there is considerable variation of length of fur. Over
the course of time, you observe that there are many cats that exhibit very long fur and
many with very short fur. However, there are few cats that exhibit an intermediate length
of fur. You conclude that this population is undergoing
a. continuous natural selection.
b. discontinuous natural selection.
c. disruptive natural selection.
d. directional natural selection.
e. coevolution.
____ 23. You study fossils of giraffes. Although there appears to be considerable variability in
lengths of necks, there appears to be a definite shift to longer necks over the course of
time. You conclude that this species is undergoing
a. continuous natural selection.
b. discontinuous natural selection.
c. disruptive natural selection.
d. directional natural selection.
e. coevolution.
____ 24. When natural selection results in a shift toward one end of a normal range of traits, an
evolutionary biologist would credit
a. continuous natural selection.
b. discontinuous natural selection.
c. disruptive natural selection.
d. directional natural selection.
e. coevolution.
____ 25. When natural selection results in a shift toward the average of a range of genetic
expressions for a particular trait, an evolutionary biologist would credit
a. stabilizing natural selection.
b. discontinuous natural selection.
c. disruptive natural selection.
d. directional natural selection.
e. coevolution.
____ 26. When natural selection shifts allelic frequencies toward the extremes of a range of
genetic expressions for a particular trait, an evolutionary biologist would credit
a. continuous natural selection.
b. discontinuous natural selection.
c. disruptive natural selection.
d. directional natural selection.
e. coevolution.
____ 27. Coevolution can involve the interaction of
a. plants and herbivores.
b. pollinators and flowers.
c. parasites and hosts.
d. plant roots and fungi.
e. all of these answers
____ 28. Which of the following is false? Coevolution
a. occurs when interacting species exert selective pressures on each other.
b. occurs between plants and the herbivores that eat them.
c. may play a role in the evolution of camouflage.
d. leads to competitive relationships.
e. all of these answers
____ 29. Over the course of time, the change in the gene pool of one species may lead to the change
of the gene pool of another species. This process is called
a. coevolution.
b. microevolution.
c. convergent evolution.
d. macroevolution.
e. diversifying natural selection.
____ 30. An organism's niche is analogous to its
a. address.
b. way of life.
c. food source.
d. trash dump.
e. all of these answers
____ 31. An ecological niche includes all of the following except the
a. nutrient relationships with other species.
b. location where a species lives.
c. types of resource requirements.
d. range of tolerance to different physical and chemical conditions.
e. types of competitors.
____ 32. Which of the following best describes an organism's habitat?
a. the nutrient relationships with other species.
b. the location where a species lives.
c. the types of resource requirements.
d. the range of tolerance to different physical and chemical conditions.
e. the types of competitors
____ 33. Species belonging to different taxonomic groups may develop a resemblance resulting from
adaptation to similar environments. This process is called
a. coevolution.
b. microevolution.
c. convergent evolution.
d. macroevolution.
e. diversifying natural selection.
____ 34. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Genetic diversity helps prevent a species from becoming extinct.
b. The phenomenon in which animals with favorable adaptation reproduce more
rapidly is called differential reproduction.
c. Geographic isolation is a common mechanism contributing to speciation.
d. By definition, the fittest animals are the largest and strongest animals.
e. Biologists estimate that 99% of all the species that have ever existed are
now extinct.
____ 35. Geographic isolation may result from a(n)
a. volcanic eruption.
b. earthquake.
c. mountain range.
d. river
e. all of these answers
____ 36. Geographic isolation is least likely to give rise to
a. reproductive isolation.
d. divergent evolution.
b. speciation.
e. microevolution.
c. convergent evolution.
____ 37. Darwin's description of macroevolution as an accumulation of steady, small evolutionary
changes is best described as
a. dynamic equilibrium.
b. a steady state hypothesis.
c. a punctuated equilibrium hypothesis.
d. a gradualist model of evolution.
e. natural selection.
____ 38. Gould's view of macroevolution as long periods of relatively little change interrupted by
short periods of relatively rapid change is best described as
a. dynamic equilibrium.
b. a steady state hypothesis.
c. a punctuated equilibrium hypothesis.
d. a gradualist model of evolution.
e. natural selection.
____ 39. Which of the following is not a common misconception about evolution?
a. Evolution is a grand plan of the perfecting of species.
b. In a Darwinian world, the strongest survive.
c. Humans evolved from apes.
d. The key to survival in a Darwinian world is coexistence through occupying
different niches.
e. In a Darwinian world, the biggest survive.
____ 40. Patterns of speciation and extinction are least likely to be affected by
a. climatic changes.
b. continental drift.
c. meteorites crashing into the earth.
d. changes in the weather.
e. human activity.
____ 41. Biodiversity is believed to be the result of
a. divergent and convergent evolution.
b. speciation and extinction.
c. speciation and coevolution.
d. extinction and coevolution.
e. divergent evolution and coevolution.
____ 42. Biologists estimate that over ____ of the species that have ever lived are now extinct.
a. 59%
d. 89%
b. 69%
e. 99%
c. 79%
____ 43. Which of the following statements about extinctions is false?
a. Biologists estimate that 99% of all the species that have ever existed are
now extinct.
b. Mass extinctions raise the extinction rate above the background extinction
rate.
c. Most mass extinctions are believed to be due to global climatic changes.
d. Earth has experienced over a dozen great mass extinctions.
e. none of these answers
____ 44. It takes on the order of ____ years for adaptive radiations to rebuild biological diversity
after a mass extinction.
a. 100
d. 10 million
b. 100 thousand
e. 100 million
c. 1 million
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
____ 45. Selective breeding is a method of artificial selection.
____ 46. When local environmental conditions change, species may become extinct through
background extinction.
____ 47. In speciation, two species interbreed to form one new species.
____ 48. Natural selection relies on three truths, one of which is based on genetic mutations.
____ 49. Houseflies would probably adapt to an environmental change much quicker than a human.
____ 50. Extinction is the permanent loss of genetic diversity.
____ 51. Natural selection acts via environmental conditions on populations to increase their survival
rate.
____ 52. Genetic engineering involves making a modified gene, making a transgenic cell, and then
growing a genetically altered organism.
____ 53. Mutations must occur for biological evolution to happen.
____ 54. An individual's acquired ability to jump could be the beginning of microevolution.
____ 55. Geographic isolation and reproductive isolation are the two processes that affect the
number and types of species on Earth.
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
56. A ____________________ includes an organism's range of tolerance for physical and
chemical conditions.
57. ____________________ facilitates one species developing into two through mutation or
natural selection.
58. Genetically modified bacteria used to clean up oil spills are a result of
____________________.
59. ____________________ in any cell can result in new genetic traits that can produce a
better chance of survival.
60. The ice age is an example of ____________________.
61. Scientists can use ____________________ to reduce the possibility that the offspring
of a male with Down syndrome will not have the genetic disorder.
62. If a species of frogs becomes threatened because they can only live in a narrow range of
temperatures, they would be classified as a(n) ____________________.
63. The most famous and perhaps the most controversial sheep Dolly was produced as a result
of ____________________.
64. The term ____________________ would be used to describe changes in which
speciation occurred.
Short Answer
Exhibit 5-1
65. Based on Exhibit 5-1, in what geological period did the earth's biological diversity first
begin a rapid increase?
66. Based on Exhibit 5-1, what is indicated between the Permian and the Triassic periods,
about 250 millions of years ago?