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Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 6 → O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 → CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O 6 → CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? electron transport chain ATP production by ATP synthase acetyl CoA formation citric acid cycle glycolysis In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? chloroplast nucleus lysosome mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Which statement describes glycolysis? This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. Which statement describes the electron transport chain? This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth. Sunlight provides energy to photosynthetic organisms by providing _____. ( Module 6.1) heat to leaves, which is converted to useful energy for work heat to leaves, which is used to synthesize chloroplasts the energy required to drive cellular respiration the energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration. ( Module 6.2) alveoli bronchi chloroplasts mitochondria When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to _____. ( Module 6.3) kinetic energy and heat potential energy and heat thermal energy and heat ATP and heat Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous activities, why can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day, yet maintain a healthy body weight? ( Module 6.4) They can't, and this has led to a problem of obesity in the United States. People really should exercise vigorously for one to two hours per day. Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise. Not all calories are created equal, so a person who consumes 2,000 kilocalories of sugar- and fat-laden processed food will gain weight, while a person who consumes 2,000 calories of nonprocessed, lowcarbohydrate food will not. A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction _____. ( Module 6.5) gains electrons and gains energy loses electrons and loses energy gains electrons and loses energy loses electrons and gains energy In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, while _____ electrons. ( Module 6.5) gains … oxygen loses loses … oxygen gains gains … water loses loses … water gains Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because _____. ( Module 6.6) these two stages provide the oxygen used as the final electron acceptor the electron transport chain requires the ATP produced during the first two stages these two stages provide the water that is split during oxidative phosphorylation these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that _____. ( Module 6.7) requires ATP to make ATP does not require ATP to make ATP requires oxygen to function does not release carbon dioxide as a by-product We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced _____. ( Module 6.8) during the formation of pyruvate in the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate during the electron transfer steps of oxidative phosphorylation when oxygen acquires electrons and protons at the end of the electron transport chain A scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would they use as a source of these enzymes? ( Module 6.9) plasma membrane cytoplasm mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial matrix What molecule is required to move pyruvate to the citric acid cycle? ( Module 6.9) NADH FADH2 ATP O2 In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to _____. ( Module 6.10) pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane form ATP during glycolysis synthesize carbon dioxide generate large amounts of NADH and FADH2 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a highly toxic, membrane uncoupler. What happens when DNP makes the phospholipid bilayer of inner mitochondrial membranes permeable to protons (H+)? ( Module 6.11) The redox reactions of the electron transport chain cease. The proton pumps of the inner mitochondrial membrane would cease to function. Many protons would bypass ATP synthase, leading to a sharp decline in ATP synthesis. NADH or FADH2 would no longer provide electrons to the electron transport chain. Some human cells are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADH2. If these cells are deprived of oxygen, then _____. ( Module 6.12) ATP production would continue because the cell would perform fermentation proton gradient formation would continue, but ATP synthase function would stop glycolysis could still continue indefinitely oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain Humans depend on oxygen to sustain life. However, at the cellular level, muscle cells are _____. ( Module 6.13) strict anaerobes facultative anaerobes aerobes capable of alcohol fermentation Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage even compared to carbohydrates because _____. ( Module 6.15) when compacted, fat occupies less volume than an equivalent amount of carbohydrate compared to carbohydrates, fat produces fewer toxic by-products when it's metabolized fats can directly enter the electron transport chain, the phase of respiration that produces the most ATP with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be siphoned off and used _____. ( Module 6.16) to generate the ADP that is used to power biosynthetic pathways to power the biosynthesis of amino acids, fats, and sugars to provide virtually all the heat needed to maintain body temperature to create energy sources, such as glucose or amino acids, that are recycled back through respiration, thus allowing a continual source of ATP with relatively little food intake In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? ( Module 6.8) Pyruvate is reduced by oxidizing an NAD+ to an NADH. Oxygen atoms are formed into oxygen gas. A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment. Carbon dioxide must be present for pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle. The two-carbon fragment formed after a carbon atom is released as carbon dioxide is called lactic acid. When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, _____. ( Module 6.8) CO2 and ATP are formed CO2 and NADH are formed CO2 and coenzyme A are formed one turn of the citric acid cycle is completed NAD+ is regenerated In eukaryotes, most of the high-energy electrons released from glucose by cell respiration _____. ( Module 6.9) are used for synthesizing lactic acid are used to form ATP by the citric acid cycle are bound to FAD to be sent through the process of oxidative phosphorylation are released in the carbon dioxide reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then deliver them to the electron transport chain Most of the NADH that delivers high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain comes from _____. ( Module 6.9) chemiosmosis the cytoplasm glycolysis biosynthesis the citric acid cycle Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? ( Module 6.9) Glucose is cycled around and resynthesized. NAD+ and FAD are recycled. Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate that is restored at the end of the cycle. Carbon dioxide is cycled back to photosynthesis. NADH is recycled in the electron transport chain. The energy production per glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle is _____. ( Module 6.9) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 38 ATP 4 ATP, 8 NADH 2 ATP, 6 NADH 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 The major (but not sole) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle is the _____. ( Module 6.9) formation of CO2 formation of ATP formation of NADH and FADH2 utilization of O2 completion of substratelevel phosphorylation Once the citric acid cycle has been completed, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____. ( Module 6.9) acetyl CoA ATP NADH CO2 oxaloacetate Which of the following serves primarily as a hydrogen-atom carrier molecule in cells? ( Module 6.9) ATP CO2 FAD RNA DNA What happens to the energy that is given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain? ( Module 6.10) It breaks down glucose. It makes NADH and FADH2. It pumps H+ through a membrane. It oxidizes water. It manufactures glucose. The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from _____. ( Module 6.10) sunlight the flow of H+ through a membrane the oxidation of glucose the movement of electrons through a series of carriers the reduction of oxygen What is the mechanism of action for the enzyme ATP synthase? ATP is formed _____. ( Module 6.10) due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane due to substrate-level phosphorylation from glucose in the absence of oxygen in the absence of chemiosmosis from GTP In cellular respiration, which one of the following is performed directly by the electron transport chain (or its components)? ( Module 6.10) Oxygen gas is formed. Carbon dioxide is formed. ADP is phosphorylated to make ATP. FAD is reduced. A proton gradient is formed. The enzyme ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. In eukaryotic cells, the energy needed for this endergonic reaction is derived from _____. ( Module 6.10) DNA replication the movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane the fermentation of pyruvate to form lactic acid the movement of FADH2 from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria the reduction of NAD+ to form NADH Which one of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? ( Module 6.10) ATP ATP synthase cytochrome c electron transport chain electrons In a eukaryotic cell, the electron transport chain is precisely located in or on the _____. ( Module 6.10) cytoplasmic fluid mitochondrion cristae of the mitochondrion intermembrane space of the mitochondrion plasma membrane Rotenone is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. When it does so, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle eventually halt as well. This is because _____. ( Module 6.11) they run out of ATP the buildup of unused oxygen interferes with glycolysis and the citric acid cycle they run out of NAD+ and FAD electrons are no longer available from the electron transport chain they run out of ADP Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas because it directly _____. ( Module 6.11) inhibits the oxidation of NADH blocks the transfer of electrons to the final electron acceptor inhibits ATP synthase changes the permeability of the membrane blocks the delivery of electrons from FADH2 Where does most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from? ( Module 6.12) glycolysis chemiosmosis lactic acid fermentation biosynthesis the citric acid cycle Which of the following directly requires molecular oxygen (O2)? ( Module 6.12) glycolysis the citric acid cycle the electron transport chain fermentation chemiosmosis During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used _____. ( Module 6.12) at the end of glycolysis to switch from the fermentation pathway at the end of the citric acid cycle to cycle back to oxaloacetate between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to split a carbon from pyruvate between the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain to move NADH and FADH2 at the end of electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2? ( Module 6.12) We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements We would not have enough enzymes to catalyze reactions. We would not be able to perform lactic acid fermentation. We would not be able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules. We would not be affected because we can switch to alcohol fermentation. A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 38% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. The rest of the energy from glucose is _____. ( Module 6.12) stored as fat converted to heat used to make water from hydrogen ions and oxygen used directly for energy stored as starch The overall efficiency of respiration is approximately _____. ( 0.50% 2% 40% Module 6.12) 94% 100% In the equation shown below, during cellular respiration _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced. ( Module 6.12) oxygen … ATP ATP … oxygen glucose … oxygen carbon dioxide … water glucose … ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation directly generates ATP during a chemical reaction. As a single molecule of glucose is completely oxidized, in the presence of oxygen, how many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation? ( Module 6.12) 2 ATP 4 ATP 6 ATP 36 ATP 38 ATP Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles begin to function anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____. ( Module 6.13) ATP lactic acid carbon dioxide ADP oxygen In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? ( Module 6.13) ethanol carbon dioxide NAD+ lactic acid glucose Muscle tissues make lactic acid from pyruvate so that you can _____. ( 6.13) get drunk get rid of toxic pyruvate utilize the energy in pyruvate utilize the released CO2 Module regenerate (oxidized) NAD+ Organisms can use other molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. When protein molecules are used, _____ are produced as waste. ( Module 6.15) amino groups fatty acids sugar molecules molecules of lactic acid ethanol and CO2 A gram of fat oxidized by cellular respiration produces approximately _____ as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. ( Module 6.15) half twice 4 times 10 times 100 times During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate, _____, can be siphoned off and used to synthesize fats. ( Module 6.16) pyruvate glyceraldeyhyde-3-phosphate ATP glucose citrate When growing in a nutrient-rich environment, bacteria can use the provided amino acids to synthesize their proteins. However, should the environment change, they can synthesize their amino acids using _____. ( Module 6.16) glucose glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate citrate ATP glycerol