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Biology
Review
Name___________________
Date___________Hour_____
Final Exam Review
Helpful Hints
Use your old review sheets and biology binder to review each topic. Start with the section you feel least
comfortable with. Try studying one section at a time rather that waiting until the day before the exam to
review all of the material. Get a good night sleep before the final exam and be sure to eat breakfast. You
will need to return your textbook to the book room after the final. Good luck on all of your finals! 
Cell Division – Chapter 10 & 11.4
1. Describe what is occurring to the chromosomes and the cell during each phase of the cell cycle.
The phases of the cell cycle include Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, and Mitosis.
2. Explain how cytokinesis (dividing of the cytoplasm) differs in plant and animal cells.
3. Why do cells divide? What is the advantage of having many small cells compared to one large cell?
4. If an organism has 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each cell after
mitosis? How many chromosomes would be present after meiosis?
5. Describe the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. Specify the type of cell division
associated with each type of reproduction.
6. Describe the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor. What causes cancer?
7. What is a gene? Where are genes located?
8. Describe the phases of meiosis. How does meiosis differ from mitosis?
9. What are homologous chromosomes? Where did each homologous chromosome come from? What
is a tetrad? When do tetrads form?
10. How does random alignment of tetrads during Metaphase I of meiosis contribute to genetic
variation? How does crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis contribute to genetic variation?
11. What is a gamete? What is the female gamete? What is the male gamete?
12. What does it mean for a cell to be diploid? What does it mean for a cell to be haploid? Give
examples of cells that are diploid and haploid.
13. What is trisomy? Give an example of a genetic disorder caused by trisomy.
14. How are spermatogenesis and oogenesis different? How are spermatogenesis and oogenesis
alike?
15. Describe the stages of development in a starfish. Is the early development of a starfish embryo
similar to the early development of a human embryo?
16. What is cell differentiation? Give an example of a differentiated cell.
Genetics – Chapter 11
17. What is an allele? How is an allele different from a gene?
18. Compare and contrast genotype and phenotype. Give an example of a genotype and a phenotype.
19. Explain the difference between a homozygous genotype and a heterozygous genotype. Give an
example of each.
20. What does it mean to have a dominant allele? How many dominant alleles do you need in order to
express the trait?
21. What does it mean to have a recessive allele? How many recessive alleles do you need in order to
express the trait?
22. Describe how to set up a Punnett square for a monohybrid cross. Describe how to set up a Punnett
square for a dihybrid cross. What do the letters at the top of the Punnett square represent? What
do the letters along the sides of the square represent? What do the letters inside the box represent?
23. What are sex chromosomes? Which sex chromosomes do males and females have? What are
autosomes? How many autosomes do human cells have?
24. What is a sex-linked gene? Describe how a colorblind son can be born to parents with normal
vision.
25. What is incomplete dominance? Give examples of incomplete dominance.
26. What is codominance? Give examples of codominance.
27. What is polygenic inheritance? Give examples of traits that are due to polygenic inheritance.
DNA & RNA – Chapter 12 & 13
1. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the three parts to a nucleotide? Where in a cell is DNA
found?
2. What is a complimentary base pair? List all of the complimentary base pairs.
3. When in the cell cycle does a cell replicate its DNA? Why does a cell replicate its DNA? Where
does DNA replication occur? What enzyme is responsible for DNA replication?
4. Describe the differences between DNA and RNA. Why do we have RNA when DNA codes for all
the genetic information?
5. Describe the structure of RNA. Where is RNA made in a cell? What is the process in which RNA is
made called? What enzyme is responsible for this process?
6. Describe the process of translation. Where does translation occur?
7. What is a codon? Give an example of a codon. What is an anticodon? Write the anticodon for the
codon you wrote.
8. What is a gene? Where are genes located?
9. What is a mutagen? How do mutations in DNA affect the structure and function of a protein?
10. Give an example of an addition mutation, a deletion mutation and substitution mutation for the
following DNA sequence: ACT TAG CCA TAC
Biotechnology
1. How are DNA fragments separated during gel electrophoresis? What is another name for gel
electrophoresis if a person’s entire DNA is used?
2. What are the 3 types of stem cells? Which ones are pluripotent? What does pluripotent mean?
3. Describe the process of genetic engineering or producing recombinant DNA.
4. What is a GMO? Give an example of a GMO.
5. Describe the process of cloning. What is the difference between reproductive cloning and
therapeutic cloning?
Evolution – Chapters 16 & 26.3
1. What is evolution? Does evolution involve individual organisms or whole populations changing?
2. What is natural selection? Describe the effect of environment on natural selection.
3. How is natural selection similar to artificial selection (breeding)?
4. Why are antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria an example of natural selection?
5. What are homologous structures? Give an example of homologous structures in two organisms.
Why are homologous structures evidence of evolution?
6. What are analogous structures? Give an example of analogous structures in two organisms. Why
are analogous structures not evidence of evolution?
7. What are vestigial structures? Give an example of a vestigial structure. Why are vestigial structures
evidence of evolution?
8. Give an example of two organisms with similar embryological development. How is this evidence for
evolution?
9. Who is the human’s (Homo sapiens) closest ancestor, gorilla, monkey or chimp? What evidence is
there for this evolution?
Final Exam Note Card
Directions: You may bring on the day of the final exam a 3x5 note card. The note card may be no
larger than 3” x 5” and must be handwritten by you. You may use both sides. Your name needs to
be written on the note card and highlighted. I will check your note cards when you enter the class
and hand the card back for you to use during the exam. After the final exam you must return the
card to me.