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Download Ch. 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance Learning Objectives: Describe
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Ch. 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance Learning Objectives: I. II. Describe examples of exceptions to Mendel’s principles. Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. Complex Patterns of Inheritance a. Patterns of inheritance that are explained by Mendel’s experiments are often referred to as _______________. b. However, many inheritance patterns are more _____________than those studied by Mendel. c. Incomplete dominance: Appearance of a third phenotype a. When inheritance follows a pattern of__________________, heterozygous and homozygous dominant individuals both have the same ___________________. b. When traits are inherited in an ________________________________pattern, however, the phenotype of heterozygous individuals is _______________ between those of the two homozygotes. c. Some alleles are neither ______________ nor ____________________. d. ______________________: One allele is not completely dominant over another. e. For example, if a homozygous red-flowered snapdragon plant (RR) is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered snapdragon plant (W W), all of the F1 offspring will have__________________________. f. The new phenotype occurs because the flowers contain _____________ that control _______________ production. g. The ___ allele codes for an enzyme that produces a _____ pigment. The __ allele codes for a _______________ enzyme that makes __ pigment. h. Because the heterozygote has only ____ copy of the R allele, its flowers appear ________ because they produce only ________ the amount of red pigment that red homozygote flowers produce. i. III. IV. Codominance: Expression of both alleles a. _______________________cause the phenotypes of both homozygotes to be produced in heterozygous individuals. In codominance, ______ alleles are expressed__________________. b. Examples: chicken feather color, human protein controlling blood cholesterol levels i. ii. Multiple phenotypes from multiple alleles a. Although each trait has only ____ alleles in the patterns of heredity you have studied thus far, it is common for __________________ alleles to control a trait in a population b. Traits controlled by more than two alleles have _____________________. c. Multiple Alleles i. ________ genes exist in more than _______ forms. ii. Examples: 1. human blood types, 2. fur color in rabbits iii. d. Polygenic Traits i. Many traits are produced by the _________________ of ___________ genes. ii. Examples: 1. eye color in fruit flies, 2. coat color in dogs iii. Traits typically show a _____________________ of _______________. iv. e. Polygenic inheritance i. __________________________ is the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by __________________________genes. ii. The genes may be on the _______ chromosome or on ______________ chromosomes, and each gene may have ______________________alleles. iii. _______________and ________________ letters are used to represent the alleles. V. VI. iv. However, the allele represented by an uppercase letter ________________ All heterozygotes are______________________ in phenotype. v. In polygenic inheritance, each allele represented by an uppercase letter contributes a_______ , but ________, portion to the trait being expressed. vi. The result is that the phenotypes usually show a _____________________ of variability from the ____________________ value of the trait to the ______________________ value. Non-Mendelian Inheritance a. _____________________: influences from DNA of maternal mitochondria and chloroplasts b. One example is __________________ in the morning glory (Mirabilis jalapa), which is determined solely by the color of flower tissue in the maternal parent c. ______________________________: chemical modification of certain genes d. A gene regulating body size is imprinted in a way that silences it in the next generation whenever it is carried by a female. Mice inheriting the gene from their mothers may suffer from dwarfism. However, mice inheriting the very same gene from their fathers do not. Environmental Influences a. The genetic makeup of an organism at fertilization determines only the organism’s _____________________ to develop and function. b. As the organism develops, many ______________ can influence _____ the gene is expressed, or even ________________ the gene is expressed at all. c. Two such influences are the organism’s ________________and ______________ environments. d. ________________________, ____________________, _______________, ____________________, and _______________________________ all can influence gene expression. e. In arctic foxes ___________________ has an effect on the expression of coat color. i.