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Ancient Rome and the
Rise of Christianity
509 BC- 476AD
Roman Civilization arises in Italy
▪ Unifying Italy was easy because of the landfertile plains, not many mountains.
▪ It was not broken up like Greece with 1000’s of
islands
The Early People
The Latin’s, Roman
ancestors, settled along
the Tiber River,
scattered around 7 hills.
They would grow
together and become
Rome.
Legend has it…
Founders of
the city were
Romulus and
Remus the
twin sons of
the War God,
Mars. Left to
die in the Tiber
River, but lived
due to
miraculous
interventions.
The Latin’s shared the Italian peninsula
-With the Greeks
and Etruscans
-It is centrally
located in Italy and
on the
Mediterranean Sea,
this will help them
conquer Italy
Rome establishes a republic
Rome drives out
the Etruscans in
509 BC and that
is the founding of
the Roman state.
So, what kind of government to have?
▪ A republic- where people
chose some of the officials.
This would prevent any one
individual from gaining too
much power.
The Senate
▪ The most powerful
governing body
▪ 300 members- all members
of the patrician class. Male
land holding upper class.
▪ Senators serve for life.
Consuls
▪ Each year senators nominate 2
consuls from the patrician
class.
▪ Consuls supervised the
government and led armies.
▪ Only in office for one year and
had to approve of decisions
(checks and balances)
But in times of war…
▪ Senators could chose a
dictator- a ruler with
complete control over a
government.
Roman Social Class Structure
▪ Farmers, merchants and artisans
The Plebeians fight for their rights because they
were the majority of the
population, but they had little
influence.
▪ In time they got rights to elect their
own officials called tribunes.
▪ These tribunes could veto, block
laws, they felt were harmful to
plebeians.
▪ Little by little they got more power.
Later they would be in the Senate!
▪ This took about 40 years.
Laws of Rome
▪ Inscribed on 12 tablets and set
up in the Forum, Rome’s
marketplace.
▪ First time they were written
down for all to see. (The
Plebeians idea)
Legacy
▪ Without war or revolution the
common people had gained access to
power. The US Constitution would
adapt many of the Roman’s ideas.
Roman Society
▪ The male head-of-household had absolute power in
the family.
▪ Women- could own property and run businesses.
The majority of them will work at home and raise
the children. In time they will gain political
influence and have public roles.
▪ Children- All boys and girls (regardless of social
class) learned to read and write.
Religion
▪ They have many gods. Many of which were
adapted from the Greeks.
1. Jupiter- ruled over the sky and other gods
2. Juno- Jupiter’s wife, protected marriage
3. Neptune- God of the Sea
4. Mars- God of War
The Roman Republic grows
▪ By 270 BC Romans controlled most of the Italian peninsula
▪ The Roman Army– Legion- basic military unit of the Roman army, consisted
of citizen-soldiers, no pay, supplied their own weapons
and they would share the spoils of victory.
– Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh
punishments. If a unit fled they would be punished. 1 out
of 10 would be put to death.
Conquered Lands
▪ What would happen if the Roman’s took over your
land?
▪ The conquered would have to acknowledge Roman
leadership and pay taxes.
▪ They could keep their customs, money and local
government. 
▪ Some could also become Roman citizens.
From a Republic to an
Empire
What is the difference?
Carthage
▪ Once Rome took over the
peninsula conflicts began with
Carthage. (North Africa)
Rome v Carthage-The Punic Wars264 BC-146 BC (3 wars)
1. Rome defeats Carthage and gets Sicily,
Corsica and Sardinia
2. Carthaginian general Hannibal leads
army and war elephants into Italy with
northern invasion. The Roman’s , in
time, will send army to capture
Carthage.
3. Rome completely destroys Carthage
and survivors are killed or sold into
slavery.
Ruling the Mediterranean Sea
▪ Romans are committed to imperialismcreating an empire by dominating weaker
nations.
▪ After Carthage they began expanding into
Eastern Europe. They fought Hellenistic
rulers who had divided up the empire of
Alexander the Great.
▪ Soon Macedonia, Greece and parts of Asia
Minor would become Roman provinces.
▪ Egypt would become an ally.
The impact of imperialism at home
▪ Romans were rich. They built huge
estates called latifundia. People
captured in war would work as slaves.
Relate this to today
▪ This was bad for Roman farmers who
could not keep up with free slave labor.
▪ Now they will move to the city and
become a part of the restless
unemployed of Rome.
▪ The gap between rich and poor is
widening. Riots will begin.
Reforms are needed
▪ Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus- young
patrician reformers.
▪ Tiberius wants the state to distribute
land to poor farmers.
▪ Gaius wants public funds to buy grain to
feed the poor.
▪ Senate sees them as a threat, hired
thugs, and both were killed.
The Roman Republic declines
▪ Rome cannot solve its
problems peacefully so
they plunge into civil wars.
▪ Should the Senate lead and
govern as they have in the
past or should new political
leaders who want to
reform?
Julius Caesar
▪ Ambitious military commander
▪ He has battled for 9 years and
conquers Gaul (France and Belgium)
and becomes famous. (loses only 2
battles in 9 years)
▪ Pompey, a jealous senator, gets the
Senate to order Caesars army to
disband.
What will Caesar do?
▪ He refuses to disband.
▪ He crosses the Rubicon River back into
Italy and says, “the die is cast.” This
means there is no turning back.
▪ Marches his army into Rome and crushes Pompey and his
supporters.
▪ He then sweeps around the Mediterranean Sea conquering
many lands.
▪ “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered)
▪ When he returns to Rome he forces the
Senate to make him dictator.
▪ He will maintain the Senate, but he is an
absolute ruler.
Caesar makes reforms
▪ Public works to employ the
jobless
▪ Gave public land to the
poor
▪ New calendar (based on
the Egyptian calendar)
with a few changes this is
our calendar now.
His enemies are worried
▪ Will he make
himself king?
▪ To save the
republic they plot
against him.
▪ Stabbed him to
death.
More civil wars develop
▪ Mark Anthony,
Caesar’s chief
general, and
Octavian, Caesar’s
grand-nephew,
join forces to find
the murderers.
In the end they fight each other for power
▪ In 31 BC Octavian
defeats Mark
Anthony and his
ally Cleopatra.
▪ This is the
beginning of the
Roman empire
The dawn of the Roman empire
▪ The senate gives
Octavian the title of
Augustus or “exalted
one.”
▪ He is given absolute
power
▪ He did not call himself
king but he acted as
one.
Augustus builds a stable government
▪ Kept the Senate and
creates an efficient civil
service
▪ Men of talent could get
government jobs
regardless of class.
▪ Cities and provinces are
given a large amount of
self-government.
▪ To make the tax system
fair he created a census
or population count, to
record names of all
who should be taxed
▪ Postal service
▪ Put jobless to work
making roads.
Who will lead after
Octavian’s death?
Emperor’s will vary (good and bad)
▪ Caligula- evil and insane- made
his horse a member of the
consul.
▪ Focused on territory expansion and
construction projects
▪ Cruel
▪ Extravagant
▪ Perverted
▪ Once at some games at which he was
presiding, he ordered his guards to
throw an entire section of the crowd
into the arena during intermission to
be eaten by animals because there
were no criminals to be prosecuted and
he was bored
Nero
▪ Focused on trade and
culture of Rome
▪ Persecuted Christians.
Burned them in his garden
at night as a source of light.
▪ Mad man?
▪ Executed his mother
Hadrian
▪ A good emperor
who codified Roman
law.
▪ Made it the same for
all provinces.
Marcus Aurelius
▪ Good emperor and
philosopher who
believed in
commitment to
duty.
Pax Romana or “Roman Peace”
▪ Even with the craziness
of all these emperors…
▪ This was a prosperous
time for Rome.
▪ A lot of trade and a 200
year span of peace.
Roman Entertainment
▪ Circus Maximus
▪ Chariot racing and betting.
▪ Gladiators- trained to fight,
crowd could have them
killed and some were given
their freedom.
▪ This was done to pacify
taxpayers.
The Roman Achievements
Through war and conquest Roman achievements were carried to
distant lands.
Roman Literature
▪ Virgil- poet who wrote the Aeneid.
Wanted to show that Rome’s past was
as heroic as Greece’s. Told how Aeneas
escaped from Troy to found Rome.
▪ Others satirized, made fun of, Roman
society.
Historians
▪ Tried to arouse
patriotic feelings
▪ Major historians were
Livy and Tacitus
Philosophy
▪ Adapted the Greek
philosophy of
stoicism, which
stressed the
importance of duty
and acceptance of
your fate.
Arts
▪ Sculpture- realism,
shows all
imperfections of
man plus their
expressions.
Mosaics
▪ Pictures made
from chips of
colored glass or
stones
Architecture
▪ Roman’s want
architectural grandeur
so they developed
rounded domes made
from poured concrete.
Pantheon.
▪ They don’t want to
look like the elegant
Greek architecture.
Preservation
▪ Many examples of
Roman life has been
preserved in
Pompeii. A city
buried in the
volcanic ash of Mt.
Vesuvius (79 AD).
Engineering
▪ Roman’s excelled in
engineering- application of
science and math to
develop useful structures
and machines.
▪ They built aqueductsbridge-like stone
structures that carried
water from the hills of
Rome.
Science
▪ Ptolemy- astronomer
and mathematician,
proposed theory that
earth was the center of
the universe.
▪ Galen developed the
medical encyclopedia.
New Law Codes Protect the Empire
▪ The Roman’s greatest legacy is to
its commitment to the law and
justice (This would influence the
US)
▪ Civil Law- applied to its citizensbut as they expanded they
needed a second system of law.
This is called the Law of Nations
and it applied to all people under
Roman rule.
Roman Legacy
▪ You are innocent until
proven guilty.
▪ The accused are
allowed to defend
themselves.
▪ Guilt only with proven
evidence
▪ But they also let lowclass defendants be
more harshly punished
than wealthy ones. The
Roman’s had respect
for wealth and
privilege.
The Rise of
Christianity
This was one of many practiced religions in the Roman Empire.
In 380-390 AD it was made the official religion.
The early empire includes diverse religions
▪ Mystery religions
– Isis- men and women have equal status
– Mithras- good will triumph over evil
As long as people show loyalty to Rome and
acknowledge the divine spirit of the emperor the
government let them worship any god.
Division in Judea
In 63 BC,
Romans
conquer
Judea (S.
Palestine)
where most
Jews lived.
▪ The Jews were excused from worshiping
Roman Gods.
▪ But many were concerned that the Jewish
religion was weakening.
▪ Jewish conservatives called for strict
obedience to Jewish laws and traditions.
▪ Zealots wanted the Jews to revolt against
Rome and establish an independent state.
Some Jews believe…
▪ That the messiah- an anointed king sent by god
would soon appear to lead their people to freedom.
▪
In AD 66
▪ Discontent flared into rebellion.
▪ 4 years later the Roman forces crush the rebels and
capture Jerusalem and destroy the Jewish temples.
▪ Revolts again the next century and this time the Romans
level Jerusalem.
▪ Thousands were killed or enslaved.
▪ Many move from Judea, but Judaism survives because of
the religious teachers or rabbis.
2 important words
diaspora
▪scattering
synagogue
▪Bringing
together
Jesus
▪Almost all
information we have
about his life comes
from the Gospels
(first 4 books of the
New Testament)
An angel told Mary she would give birth
to the messiah.
▪ Born in 4 BC in Bethlehem
▪ Grew up in Nazareth, worshipped God and followed Jewish law.
▪ May have been a carpenter
▪ At 30 began to preach at the Sea of Galilee.
▪ Used parables, short stories, with simple moral lessons to communicate his ideas.
▪ Recruited 12 disciples, close followers, to help him with his mission, called the apostles.
▪ After 3 years, Jesus and the apostles, would go to Jerusalem to spread the message.
Jesus teaches new beliefs
▪ Belief in one God and the 10
Commandments
▪ He was the son of God and his
mission was to bring spiritual
salvation and eternal life to
anyone who believes in him.
▪ Taught a need for justice,
morality and service to others.
Will be condemned to death
▪ Some will welcome him, others
regarded him as a troublemaker.
▪ The Roman’s felt that he would
lead the Jews in a rebellion against
the Roman’s.
▪ According to the Gospels, Jesus
was betrayed by one of the
disciples. Arrested by the Roman’s,
tried and condemned to death by
crucifixion.
The Gospels say…
▪ He had risen from the dead
and talked to the disciples.
▪ Jesus commanded the
disciples to spread his
teachings and then
ascended into heaven.
The message of Christianity spreads
▪ The disciples will spread the
message, the believers were
called Christians.
▪ Peter will establish Christianity
in Rome
▪ Paul, Jewish man from Asia
Minor, plays the most
influential role in spreading
Christianity.
More on Paul
▪ Never met Jesus, but had a
vision of Jesus talking to him.
▪ Until this time Christianity was
a sect of Judaism. Now it will
become a world religion.
▪ Paul will set up churches and
expand Christian teachings.
Christians are oppressed
▪ Rome will not be tolerant of
Christians
▪ Christians would not honor the
emperor with sacrifices
▪ Persecuted and blamed for social and
economic ills.
▪ They would be called martyrs, people
who suffer or die for their beliefs.
The message of Christianity appeals to many
▪ Despite attacks Christianity
spreads through the Roman
world.
▪ Missionaries travel along Roman
roads.
▪ People were impressed by the
strength of Christians who were
willing to die for their religion.
Persecutions end in 313 AD
▪ Rome finally accepts
Christianity.
▪ Constantine- emperor who
issued the Edict of Milan
which granted freedom of
worship to all citizens.
Early Christian Churches Develop
▪ Joining the church
– Baptized or blessed with holy
water.
– Sins would be forgiven by
the grace of God.
– Sunday ceremonies- the
baptized would eat bread
and drink wine.
Structuring the Clergy
▪ Only men are eligible to become members of Christian clergy, the group
of people who conduct church services.
▪ Each community was grouped as a diocese, each had their own priest.
Over the priest was a bishop, high church official.
▪ In the early Christian church, bishops were considered equal to the
apostles. Some took honorary titles of patriarch, highest church official
and exercised authority over bishops.
▪ Thus the Christian church developed a hierarchy where officials were
arranged according to rank.
Differences
▪ Rivalries developed between patriarchs. Popesbishops of Rome, began to claim authority over all
the bishops.
▪ Emergence of heresies- a belief contrary to official
church teachings.
▪ This would cause divisions.
Church scholar
▪ Augustine- bishop of Hippo in
North Africa, combined
Christian doctrine with GrecoRoman learning.
The Long Decline
Threats from inside and economic problems are happening. Decline in
values and foreign invaders bring troubles.
The Roman Empire Divides
▪ Political violence- Emperors were
overthrown often. In 50 years they had 26
emperors.
Social and Economic Problems
▪ High taxes to support a
very large army
▪ Farmland lost
productivity
Emperor Diocletian ▪ Wants to restore order, so he
divides the empire into 2 parts.
▪ He will rule the wealthy East and
appoints Maximian, co-emperor, to
rule the west.
▪ To slow inflation, rapid rise in
prices, he fixed the prices of many
goods.
▪ Sons were required to follow their
father’s occupation to ensure
steady production.
Emperor Constantine
▪ Took over after Diocletian
▪ Continued reforms
▪ Granted toleration to Christians
with the Edict of Toleration
▪ New capital at Constantinople
Improvements prove temporary
▪ They will revive the
economy for awhile and
hold the empire
together.
▪ But internal problems
and attacks will bring
down the empire.
Invaders Threaten
▪ Migrating nomads attack
▪ Wars in East Asia would send a
nomadic people, the Huns, from
Central Asia towards Eastern Europe.
They were skilled riders and they
would dislodge the Germanic people
(Visigoths) who would then have to
move into Roman territory.
▪ The Roman Legions could not stop
them and soon they would take over
many areas.
Rome is Sacked!!
▪ 410- The Visigoths overrun Rome.
Gradually Germanic groups would occupy
more and more of the Roman Empire.
▪ Attila the Hun (434)- savage campaign
across Europe. Christians believe his
attacks were a punishment for the sins of
humankind.
▪ 476- Odoacer, Germanic leader, ousts the
emperor of Rome and this is the fall of
the Roman Empire.
Attila fun facts
▪ Had his brother killed
▪ Known as the scourge of God
▪ Unable to take Constantinople
▪ Died from a nosebleed.
▪ The body of Attila was put in a coffin of gold. The gold coffin was put in a
coffin of silver. The silver coffin was put in a coffin of iron.
▪ Men were sent to bury Attila. When they carne back they were killed. No
one must ever know Attila's burial place!
▪ The origin of Attila's name is unclear. Many consider it to mean "universal
ruler" in a Turkic language.
Many problems cause Rome to Fall
▪ Smartboard
▪ Military attacks
▪ Political turmoil
▪ Economic weakness
▪ Social decay
Did Rome fall?
▪ The eastern Roman Empire would survive for
another 1000 years as the Byzantine Empire.
The End
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