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Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity 509 BC- 476AD Roman Civilization arises in Italy ▪ Unifying Italy was easy because of the landfertile plains, not many mountains. ▪ It was not broken up like Greece with 1000’s of islands The Early People The Latin’s, Roman ancestors, settled along the Tiber River, scattered around 7 hills. They would grow together and become Rome. Legend has it… Founders of the city were Romulus and Remus the twin sons of the War God, Mars. Left to die in the Tiber River, but lived due to miraculous interventions. The Latin’s shared the Italian peninsula -With the Greeks and Etruscans -It is centrally located in Italy and on the Mediterranean Sea, this will help them conquer Italy Rome establishes a republic Rome drives out the Etruscans in 509 BC and that is the founding of the Roman state. So, what kind of government to have? ▪ A republic- where people chose some of the officials. This would prevent any one individual from gaining too much power. The Senate ▪ The most powerful governing body ▪ 300 members- all members of the patrician class. Male land holding upper class. ▪ Senators serve for life. Consuls ▪ Each year senators nominate 2 consuls from the patrician class. ▪ Consuls supervised the government and led armies. ▪ Only in office for one year and had to approve of decisions (checks and balances) But in times of war… ▪ Senators could chose a dictator- a ruler with complete control over a government. Roman Social Class Structure ▪ Farmers, merchants and artisans The Plebeians fight for their rights because they were the majority of the population, but they had little influence. ▪ In time they got rights to elect their own officials called tribunes. ▪ These tribunes could veto, block laws, they felt were harmful to plebeians. ▪ Little by little they got more power. Later they would be in the Senate! ▪ This took about 40 years. Laws of Rome ▪ Inscribed on 12 tablets and set up in the Forum, Rome’s marketplace. ▪ First time they were written down for all to see. (The Plebeians idea) Legacy ▪ Without war or revolution the common people had gained access to power. The US Constitution would adapt many of the Roman’s ideas. Roman Society ▪ The male head-of-household had absolute power in the family. ▪ Women- could own property and run businesses. The majority of them will work at home and raise the children. In time they will gain political influence and have public roles. ▪ Children- All boys and girls (regardless of social class) learned to read and write. Religion ▪ They have many gods. Many of which were adapted from the Greeks. 1. Jupiter- ruled over the sky and other gods 2. Juno- Jupiter’s wife, protected marriage 3. Neptune- God of the Sea 4. Mars- God of War The Roman Republic grows ▪ By 270 BC Romans controlled most of the Italian peninsula ▪ The Roman Army– Legion- basic military unit of the Roman army, consisted of citizen-soldiers, no pay, supplied their own weapons and they would share the spoils of victory. – Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments. If a unit fled they would be punished. 1 out of 10 would be put to death. Conquered Lands ▪ What would happen if the Roman’s took over your land? ▪ The conquered would have to acknowledge Roman leadership and pay taxes. ▪ They could keep their customs, money and local government. ▪ Some could also become Roman citizens. From a Republic to an Empire What is the difference? Carthage ▪ Once Rome took over the peninsula conflicts began with Carthage. (North Africa) Rome v Carthage-The Punic Wars264 BC-146 BC (3 wars) 1. Rome defeats Carthage and gets Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia 2. Carthaginian general Hannibal leads army and war elephants into Italy with northern invasion. The Roman’s , in time, will send army to capture Carthage. 3. Rome completely destroys Carthage and survivors are killed or sold into slavery. Ruling the Mediterranean Sea ▪ Romans are committed to imperialismcreating an empire by dominating weaker nations. ▪ After Carthage they began expanding into Eastern Europe. They fought Hellenistic rulers who had divided up the empire of Alexander the Great. ▪ Soon Macedonia, Greece and parts of Asia Minor would become Roman provinces. ▪ Egypt would become an ally. The impact of imperialism at home ▪ Romans were rich. They built huge estates called latifundia. People captured in war would work as slaves. Relate this to today ▪ This was bad for Roman farmers who could not keep up with free slave labor. ▪ Now they will move to the city and become a part of the restless unemployed of Rome. ▪ The gap between rich and poor is widening. Riots will begin. Reforms are needed ▪ Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus- young patrician reformers. ▪ Tiberius wants the state to distribute land to poor farmers. ▪ Gaius wants public funds to buy grain to feed the poor. ▪ Senate sees them as a threat, hired thugs, and both were killed. The Roman Republic declines ▪ Rome cannot solve its problems peacefully so they plunge into civil wars. ▪ Should the Senate lead and govern as they have in the past or should new political leaders who want to reform? Julius Caesar ▪ Ambitious military commander ▪ He has battled for 9 years and conquers Gaul (France and Belgium) and becomes famous. (loses only 2 battles in 9 years) ▪ Pompey, a jealous senator, gets the Senate to order Caesars army to disband. What will Caesar do? ▪ He refuses to disband. ▪ He crosses the Rubicon River back into Italy and says, “the die is cast.” This means there is no turning back. ▪ Marches his army into Rome and crushes Pompey and his supporters. ▪ He then sweeps around the Mediterranean Sea conquering many lands. ▪ “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered) ▪ When he returns to Rome he forces the Senate to make him dictator. ▪ He will maintain the Senate, but he is an absolute ruler. Caesar makes reforms ▪ Public works to employ the jobless ▪ Gave public land to the poor ▪ New calendar (based on the Egyptian calendar) with a few changes this is our calendar now. His enemies are worried ▪ Will he make himself king? ▪ To save the republic they plot against him. ▪ Stabbed him to death. More civil wars develop ▪ Mark Anthony, Caesar’s chief general, and Octavian, Caesar’s grand-nephew, join forces to find the murderers. In the end they fight each other for power ▪ In 31 BC Octavian defeats Mark Anthony and his ally Cleopatra. ▪ This is the beginning of the Roman empire The dawn of the Roman empire ▪ The senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus or “exalted one.” ▪ He is given absolute power ▪ He did not call himself king but he acted as one. Augustus builds a stable government ▪ Kept the Senate and creates an efficient civil service ▪ Men of talent could get government jobs regardless of class. ▪ Cities and provinces are given a large amount of self-government. ▪ To make the tax system fair he created a census or population count, to record names of all who should be taxed ▪ Postal service ▪ Put jobless to work making roads. Who will lead after Octavian’s death? Emperor’s will vary (good and bad) ▪ Caligula- evil and insane- made his horse a member of the consul. ▪ Focused on territory expansion and construction projects ▪ Cruel ▪ Extravagant ▪ Perverted ▪ Once at some games at which he was presiding, he ordered his guards to throw an entire section of the crowd into the arena during intermission to be eaten by animals because there were no criminals to be prosecuted and he was bored Nero ▪ Focused on trade and culture of Rome ▪ Persecuted Christians. Burned them in his garden at night as a source of light. ▪ Mad man? ▪ Executed his mother Hadrian ▪ A good emperor who codified Roman law. ▪ Made it the same for all provinces. Marcus Aurelius ▪ Good emperor and philosopher who believed in commitment to duty. Pax Romana or “Roman Peace” ▪ Even with the craziness of all these emperors… ▪ This was a prosperous time for Rome. ▪ A lot of trade and a 200 year span of peace. Roman Entertainment ▪ Circus Maximus ▪ Chariot racing and betting. ▪ Gladiators- trained to fight, crowd could have them killed and some were given their freedom. ▪ This was done to pacify taxpayers. The Roman Achievements Through war and conquest Roman achievements were carried to distant lands. Roman Literature ▪ Virgil- poet who wrote the Aeneid. Wanted to show that Rome’s past was as heroic as Greece’s. Told how Aeneas escaped from Troy to found Rome. ▪ Others satirized, made fun of, Roman society. Historians ▪ Tried to arouse patriotic feelings ▪ Major historians were Livy and Tacitus Philosophy ▪ Adapted the Greek philosophy of stoicism, which stressed the importance of duty and acceptance of your fate. Arts ▪ Sculpture- realism, shows all imperfections of man plus their expressions. Mosaics ▪ Pictures made from chips of colored glass or stones Architecture ▪ Roman’s want architectural grandeur so they developed rounded domes made from poured concrete. Pantheon. ▪ They don’t want to look like the elegant Greek architecture. Preservation ▪ Many examples of Roman life has been preserved in Pompeii. A city buried in the volcanic ash of Mt. Vesuvius (79 AD). Engineering ▪ Roman’s excelled in engineering- application of science and math to develop useful structures and machines. ▪ They built aqueductsbridge-like stone structures that carried water from the hills of Rome. Science ▪ Ptolemy- astronomer and mathematician, proposed theory that earth was the center of the universe. ▪ Galen developed the medical encyclopedia. New Law Codes Protect the Empire ▪ The Roman’s greatest legacy is to its commitment to the law and justice (This would influence the US) ▪ Civil Law- applied to its citizensbut as they expanded they needed a second system of law. This is called the Law of Nations and it applied to all people under Roman rule. Roman Legacy ▪ You are innocent until proven guilty. ▪ The accused are allowed to defend themselves. ▪ Guilt only with proven evidence ▪ But they also let lowclass defendants be more harshly punished than wealthy ones. The Roman’s had respect for wealth and privilege. The Rise of Christianity This was one of many practiced religions in the Roman Empire. In 380-390 AD it was made the official religion. The early empire includes diverse religions ▪ Mystery religions – Isis- men and women have equal status – Mithras- good will triumph over evil As long as people show loyalty to Rome and acknowledge the divine spirit of the emperor the government let them worship any god. Division in Judea In 63 BC, Romans conquer Judea (S. Palestine) where most Jews lived. ▪ The Jews were excused from worshiping Roman Gods. ▪ But many were concerned that the Jewish religion was weakening. ▪ Jewish conservatives called for strict obedience to Jewish laws and traditions. ▪ Zealots wanted the Jews to revolt against Rome and establish an independent state. Some Jews believe… ▪ That the messiah- an anointed king sent by god would soon appear to lead their people to freedom. ▪ In AD 66 ▪ Discontent flared into rebellion. ▪ 4 years later the Roman forces crush the rebels and capture Jerusalem and destroy the Jewish temples. ▪ Revolts again the next century and this time the Romans level Jerusalem. ▪ Thousands were killed or enslaved. ▪ Many move from Judea, but Judaism survives because of the religious teachers or rabbis. 2 important words diaspora ▪scattering synagogue ▪Bringing together Jesus ▪Almost all information we have about his life comes from the Gospels (first 4 books of the New Testament) An angel told Mary she would give birth to the messiah. ▪ Born in 4 BC in Bethlehem ▪ Grew up in Nazareth, worshipped God and followed Jewish law. ▪ May have been a carpenter ▪ At 30 began to preach at the Sea of Galilee. ▪ Used parables, short stories, with simple moral lessons to communicate his ideas. ▪ Recruited 12 disciples, close followers, to help him with his mission, called the apostles. ▪ After 3 years, Jesus and the apostles, would go to Jerusalem to spread the message. Jesus teaches new beliefs ▪ Belief in one God and the 10 Commandments ▪ He was the son of God and his mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believes in him. ▪ Taught a need for justice, morality and service to others. Will be condemned to death ▪ Some will welcome him, others regarded him as a troublemaker. ▪ The Roman’s felt that he would lead the Jews in a rebellion against the Roman’s. ▪ According to the Gospels, Jesus was betrayed by one of the disciples. Arrested by the Roman’s, tried and condemned to death by crucifixion. The Gospels say… ▪ He had risen from the dead and talked to the disciples. ▪ Jesus commanded the disciples to spread his teachings and then ascended into heaven. The message of Christianity spreads ▪ The disciples will spread the message, the believers were called Christians. ▪ Peter will establish Christianity in Rome ▪ Paul, Jewish man from Asia Minor, plays the most influential role in spreading Christianity. More on Paul ▪ Never met Jesus, but had a vision of Jesus talking to him. ▪ Until this time Christianity was a sect of Judaism. Now it will become a world religion. ▪ Paul will set up churches and expand Christian teachings. Christians are oppressed ▪ Rome will not be tolerant of Christians ▪ Christians would not honor the emperor with sacrifices ▪ Persecuted and blamed for social and economic ills. ▪ They would be called martyrs, people who suffer or die for their beliefs. The message of Christianity appeals to many ▪ Despite attacks Christianity spreads through the Roman world. ▪ Missionaries travel along Roman roads. ▪ People were impressed by the strength of Christians who were willing to die for their religion. Persecutions end in 313 AD ▪ Rome finally accepts Christianity. ▪ Constantine- emperor who issued the Edict of Milan which granted freedom of worship to all citizens. Early Christian Churches Develop ▪ Joining the church – Baptized or blessed with holy water. – Sins would be forgiven by the grace of God. – Sunday ceremonies- the baptized would eat bread and drink wine. Structuring the Clergy ▪ Only men are eligible to become members of Christian clergy, the group of people who conduct church services. ▪ Each community was grouped as a diocese, each had their own priest. Over the priest was a bishop, high church official. ▪ In the early Christian church, bishops were considered equal to the apostles. Some took honorary titles of patriarch, highest church official and exercised authority over bishops. ▪ Thus the Christian church developed a hierarchy where officials were arranged according to rank. Differences ▪ Rivalries developed between patriarchs. Popesbishops of Rome, began to claim authority over all the bishops. ▪ Emergence of heresies- a belief contrary to official church teachings. ▪ This would cause divisions. Church scholar ▪ Augustine- bishop of Hippo in North Africa, combined Christian doctrine with GrecoRoman learning. The Long Decline Threats from inside and economic problems are happening. Decline in values and foreign invaders bring troubles. The Roman Empire Divides ▪ Political violence- Emperors were overthrown often. In 50 years they had 26 emperors. Social and Economic Problems ▪ High taxes to support a very large army ▪ Farmland lost productivity Emperor Diocletian ▪ Wants to restore order, so he divides the empire into 2 parts. ▪ He will rule the wealthy East and appoints Maximian, co-emperor, to rule the west. ▪ To slow inflation, rapid rise in prices, he fixed the prices of many goods. ▪ Sons were required to follow their father’s occupation to ensure steady production. Emperor Constantine ▪ Took over after Diocletian ▪ Continued reforms ▪ Granted toleration to Christians with the Edict of Toleration ▪ New capital at Constantinople Improvements prove temporary ▪ They will revive the economy for awhile and hold the empire together. ▪ But internal problems and attacks will bring down the empire. Invaders Threaten ▪ Migrating nomads attack ▪ Wars in East Asia would send a nomadic people, the Huns, from Central Asia towards Eastern Europe. They were skilled riders and they would dislodge the Germanic people (Visigoths) who would then have to move into Roman territory. ▪ The Roman Legions could not stop them and soon they would take over many areas. Rome is Sacked!! ▪ 410- The Visigoths overrun Rome. Gradually Germanic groups would occupy more and more of the Roman Empire. ▪ Attila the Hun (434)- savage campaign across Europe. Christians believe his attacks were a punishment for the sins of humankind. ▪ 476- Odoacer, Germanic leader, ousts the emperor of Rome and this is the fall of the Roman Empire. Attila fun facts ▪ Had his brother killed ▪ Known as the scourge of God ▪ Unable to take Constantinople ▪ Died from a nosebleed. ▪ The body of Attila was put in a coffin of gold. The gold coffin was put in a coffin of silver. The silver coffin was put in a coffin of iron. ▪ Men were sent to bury Attila. When they carne back they were killed. No one must ever know Attila's burial place! ▪ The origin of Attila's name is unclear. Many consider it to mean "universal ruler" in a Turkic language. Many problems cause Rome to Fall ▪ Smartboard ▪ Military attacks ▪ Political turmoil ▪ Economic weakness ▪ Social decay Did Rome fall? ▪ The eastern Roman Empire would survive for another 1000 years as the Byzantine Empire. The End Title and Content Layout with Chart Chart Title 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Category 1 Category 2 Series 1 Category 3 Series 2 Series 3 Category 4 Two Content Layout with SmartArt Group A • Task 1 • Task 2 Group B • Task 1 • Task 2 Group C • Task 1 ▪ First bullet point here ▪ Second bullet point here ▪ Third bullet point here Two Content Layout with Table ▪ First bullet point here Group A Group B ▪ Second bullet point here Class 1 82 95 ▪ Third bullet point here Class 2 76 88 Class 3 84 90