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Antigen Antigen Activate B-cell Clone Memory Cell Activate Helper T-cell Immunity: Summary Plasma Cell phagocyte Antibodies What is an antigen? (2 marks) Part of an organism or substance that stimulates an immune response Scores 1 out of 2 marks. Why? What is an antigen? (2 marks) Part of an organism or substance that stimulates an immune response Scores 1 out of 2 marks. Why? Mark scheme: molecule / part of molecule / protein / glycoprotein / named molecule; that stimulates an immune response / eq; Describe the role of phagocytes/macrophages in stimulating B lymphocytes. (1 mark) These bind to B cells and stimulate the production of B cells Scores 0 out of 1 mark. Why? Explain why B lymphocytes increase the number of mitochondria, and the amount of RER and Golgi apparatus within their cytoplasm after stimulation (4 marks). There are more mitochondria to provide more energy. There are more Gologi body to modify protein. Their is more RER to synthesise proteins. Scores 3 out of 4 marks. Why? Describe the role of phagocytes/macrophages in stimulating B lymphocytes. (1 mark) These bind to B cells and stimulate the production of B cells Scores 0 out of 1 mark. Why? Markscheme: antigen in membrane presented to lymphocytes Explain why B lymphocytes increase the number of mitochondria, and the amount of RER and Golgi apparatus within their cytoplasm after stimulation (4 marks). There are more mitochondria to provide more energy. There are more Gologi body to modify protein. Their is more RER to synthesise proteins. Scores 3 out of 4 marks. Why? Markscheme: mitochondria provide (more) ATP / energy; (more) RER / ribosomes synthesise proteins; (more) Golgi body secretes / modifies or packages proteins / produces glycoproteins; (B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; Describe how a B lymphocyte responds when they are stimulated by antigens (3 marks) They divide to form clones. They make antibodies that then produce memory cells. Scores 1 out of 3 marks. Why? Describe how a B lymphocyte responds when they are stimulated by antigens (3 marks) They divide to form clones. They make antibodies that then produce memory cells. Scores 1 out of 3 marks. Why? Markscheme: divide by mitosis / form clones; produce plasma cells; (plasma cells) make antibodies; (plasma cells) produce memory cells; Changes to the protein coat of the influenza virus cause antigenic variability. Explain how antigenic variability has caused some people to become infected more than once with influenza viruses. (2 marks) The B cells for the old influenza virus do not recognise the new antigens. Scores 1 out of 2 marks. Why? Changes to the protein coat of the influenza virus cause antigenic variability. Explain how antigenic variability has caused some people to become infected more than once with influenza viruses. (2 marks) The B cells for the old influenza virus do not recognise the new antigens. Scores 1 out of 2 marks. Why? Markscheme: memory B / T cells do not recognise (new antigens); antibodies previously produced are not effective as shape not complementary to new antigen; Extension: Explain how antibodies were produced when the mice were injected with sheep red blood cells.(3 marks) Markscheme: Sheep red blood cells have antigens (on their surface); Antigens are proteins foreign to mice / are non-self; Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies;