Download genetic engineering

GENETIC ENGINEERING
Výukový materiál GE 02 - 61
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
2014
GENETIC ENGINEERING

popular term for recombinant DNA
technology
 genetic engineering is based on
knowledge of molecular biology
the aim of this discipline is the creation of
new DNA molecules
 new molecules are used for artificial
transfer of genes between different
organisms

GENETIC ENGINEERING
if we want to transfer e.g. a human gene into
bacteria, it must be connected with a socalled vector
 vector is a DNA segment that provides input
corresponding gene into the cell and its
expression
 the most suitable vector is just phage DNA
 gene can be artificially incorporated by
specific enzymes into phage DNA

GENETIC ENGINEERING
this process is called transduction
 transduction is one of the basic
techniques of genetic engineering
 condition for the reproduction of the
transduced bacteria:
 phage DNA must be in advance free of
genes that cause induction of the lytic
cycle and termination of host cells

GENETIC ENGINEERING

viral vectors are used also in animals
transgensis
 the embryo is intentionally infected by vector
particles in the early stage of evolution
 all cells of the transgenic individuals gain the
ability to create desired protein
 during sexual reproduction, the gene is
transmitted to offspring
GENETIC ENGINEERING
GENETIC ENGINEERING

reversible transcriptase is also used in
genetic engineering
 reversible transcriptase is also used for
creation of complementary DNA (cDNA) with
transcription of eukaryotic mRNA
 it is possible to obtain a gene sequence
devoid of introns
 functional proteins can be generated by gene
sequence
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recombinant DNA technology is used most
often to a simple multiplication of a specific
segment in a cloning vector (usually a
plasmid), but apart of that it is used in many
other processes
 – e.g. also - to the incorporation of a strange
or modified DNA directly into the genomic
DNA (chromosomal) certain organisms

SCHEMA OF GENE THERAPY

Fatal (severe) combined Immunodeficiency
(SCID) was as the first hereditary disease has
been successfully treated by the gene therapy
(unfortunaltely by far not in all cases). Its
severe symptoms ar caused by the inability of
the patient´s T-lymphoctes to generate
adenosine deaminase enzyme (ADA). A viral
vector is used for the transfer of a functional
donor´ s gene into patient´s lymphocytes.
SCHEMA OF GENE THERAPY
WORKSHEET
DESCRIBE THE PICTURE
WORKSHEET
DESCRIBE
 THE PICTURE

GENETIC ENGINEERING

these procedures may be useful not only in
research (e.g. elimination of a function of a
certain gene called. homologous
recombination and study of the
consequences that indicate the function of
the normal gene copy) but also in gene
therapy, which presumes the replacement
of the malfunction of the mutated alleles of
the gene delivery "healthy" copy
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the beginning of genetic engineering:
 1973 first organism with recombinant
DNA produced (Stanley Cohen from
Stanford Univ. a Herbert Boyer from
Univ. California San Francisco) – they
inserted a part of a bacterial plasmid
into another and brought it into the E.
coli

SOURCES

KOČÁREK, Eduard. Genetika: obecná genetika a
cytogenetika, molekulární biologie, biotechnologie,
genomika. 2. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2008, 211 s. ISBN
978-80-86960-36-4