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Transcript
Somatic cells form different body tissues, list some tissue types Sources of embryonic stem cells. Potential ethical issue with use of embryonic stem cells. What is a somatic cell Unit 1 KA1: Division Differentiation Three properties of cancer cells Name two types of stem cell Describe the formation of a secondary tumour Define the term differentiation. Two locations of tissue (adult) stem cells. Tissue stem cells found in bone marrow will develop into… Two therapeutic uses of stem cells. Two properties of stem cells. Germline cells divide by MITOSIS to produce Stem cells can also be used as model cells to study… Mutations in germline cells will be passed onto Germline cells divide by MEIOSIS to produce Draw lines to match the enzyme to its function in DNA replication. Enzyme DNA polymerase Ligase Function in DNA replication joins fragments of DNA together on the lagging strand Draw a labelled diagram of one. Name of the repeating units that make up a molecule of DNA. bonds nucleotides into the backbone of a new DNA strand The small section of DNA needed by DNA polymerase to start replication is called? At what end (3’ or 5’) does DNA polymerase add new nucleotides? Explain why the “lagging” strand has to be copied in fragments. Unit 1 KA2: Structure and Replication of DNA Label the 3’ and 5’ end of each strand. Name bonds Y and Z. Shape of DNA is described as a …. Name 5 substances that are required, in order for DNA replication to take place. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Describe the base pairing rule for DNA. Explain why the strands of DNA are described as antiparallel. Draw a flowchart/ annotated diagram to show the steps involved in translation. Function of tRNA. Define the terms intron and exon Which process creates mature mRNA from the primary transcript. Sub-units that join together to form a polypeptide. mRNA: MMMJND MCDCSD tRNA: Triplet of bases mRNA vs tRNA is called… Site of translation . Unit 1 KA 3: Control of Gene Expression Write in a label or description for each, numbered, step in transcription Type of bond that joins amino acids together. Three differences between DNA and RNA. DNA Site of transcription. 1 3 Methods of post translational modification 2 3 4 5 6 Explain how one gene can code for several proteins. 7 Enzyme responsible for transcription. RNA Insertion Deletion Give a description of the term “mutation”. List some of the bonds which hold proteins in their 3D shape Give a description of a frameshift mutation. Unit 1 KA 4: Mutations Nucleotide Sequence Repeat Expansion Substitution Missense Substitution Nonsense Five types of single gene mutation. For each give a description / draw a diagram to show impact on the order of nucleotides and make notes on the impact on protein structure. Three types of chromosome mutation. For each give a description and draw a diagram What is a splice site mutation and what impact does this have on protein formation? Duplication Deletion Translocation Define the term Systematics Complete the flow chart to show the steps amplification of DNA using PCR. Define the term Bioinformatics Solution containing DNA template, __________, ________________, ____________________________ added to test tube. Unit 1 KA5: Human Genomics Mixture heated to _______oC to What is a DNA probe? ________________________________ _________________________(melting) List 3 uses of DNA amplified through PCR. Temperature reduced to _______oC to ________________________________ 1. Temperature increased to _______oC. 2. __________________ adds nucleotides into DNA strands. (extending) 3. Repeat many times. Explain how information about an individual genome could be used in Personalised Medicine Describe the use of an array of DNA probes to detect genetic disorders Definition: Cell Metabolism Definition: Anabolism and Catabolism Give an example of intracellular and extracellular control of an enzyme Draw a metabolic pathway: including enzymes and reversible/irrev ersible steps Unit 1 KA6: Metabolic Pathways Competitive Describe / Draw the action of a competitive and non competitive inhibitor Non-Competitive Describe the following in terms of enzyme action: Activation energy Describe the term end product inhibition Induced fit Optimum Describe the effect of substrate and end product concentration on the direction of a reaction Describe the difference between ‘energy investment’ and ‘energy payoff’ during glycolysis. Describe the regulation of ATP production by high concentrations of ATP and citrate Draw the citric acid cycle. Include: oxaloacetate, citrate and CoA. Name and describe the 3 stages in aerobic respiration including the sites of each. Unit 1 KA7: Cell Respiration Describe the role of the following in cell respiration: NAD Name alternative respiratory substrates Dehydrogenase FAD ATP Synthase Hydrogen Describe the function of ATP and draw a diagram of ATP and its formation Describe the role of creatine phosphate in the conversion of ADP to ATP When are creatine phosphate supplies restored? Unit 1 KA8: Energy Systems in Muscle cells Describe / draw a diagram of the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid and vice versa Under what circumstances would a cell produce lactic acid Complete the table comparing fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibres Why can the creatine phosphate system only support strenuous muscle activity for a short period of time?