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Download Climate change impacts on agriculture in Europe Blaž Kurnik
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Climate change impacts on agriculture in Europe Blaž Kurnik Climate change impacts and adaptation European Environment Agency “Climate change is a global problem with grave implications: environmental, social, economic, political and for the distribution of goods. It represents one of the principal challenges facing humanity in our day. Its worst impact will probably be felt by developing countries in coming decades.” ENCYCLICAL LETTER LAUDATO SI’ OF THE HOLY FATHER FRANCIS, 2015 Important events in 2015 • Sendai Framework on DRR 2015-2030 — Links between Disaster risk reduction and Climate Change Adaptation • Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) – Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity – Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning – Implement the commitment of mobilising $100 billion by 2020 • COP 21 – 2 oC target agreement (150 countries contributing to 90 % global emissions to commit) European investments into Climate Change Service – Copernicus programme • To support mitigation and adaptation policies in Europe • To be an authoritative source of climate information for Europe (evidence based policy making) • To build upon national investments and complement national climate service providers • To support the market for climate services in Europe • Investing of around 250 M€ between 2015 and 2020 How is the climate changing? • Observations • Reanalyses Source: ECMWF, 2015 Will climate change continue, accelerate? What are the societal impacts? • Climate indicators • Sectoral information – including Agriculture • Predictions • Projections EEA products on Climate Change Weather and climate related extreme events Direct support for developing European policies by providing reliable, relevant, timely, and targeted information Key observed and projected impacts from climate change for the main regions in Europe- SOER 2015 EEA SOER report, 2015 Climate change indicators-European temperature Projected temperature Source: Euro-CORDEX Jacob et el. 2014 Projected precipitation Source: Euro-CORDEX Jacob et el. 2014 Climate change impacts … … and agriculture Climate change and agriculture • Extreme weather and climate events – droughts, heat waves, hail, frost, … Weather and climate related extreme events 2015 Technical Report on extreme events • Climate and changes in agriculture – changes in growing season, agrophenology, crop productivity, crop water demand 2016 EEA report on Climate change impacts in Europe Extremes and agriculture – key findings Extreme climatic events, including droughts and heat waves, have negatively affected crop productivity during the first decade of the 21st century. Projected increases in extreme climatic events are expected to further increase yield variability in the future throughout Europe. Climate change and extreme events With anthropogenic CO2 emissions Extreme events can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. Without anthropogenic CO2 emissions Source: Christidis et al., 2015 About 75% of the present day moderate daily hot extremes over land are attributable to human influence. Heat waves and agriculture Fischer & Schär, 2010 • Under future climate change the number, duration, and intensity of heat waves is expected to increase • Summers like that experienced in 2003 will become commonplace by the 2040s • Prolonged high, or extreme summer temperatures lead to reduced crop yields • Heat waves are also more persistent when there are soil moisture deficits Droughts and agriculture Changes in summer soil moisture between the periods 1961 to 1990 and 2021 to 2050 Heinrich and Gobiet, 2011 • Drought studies have identified drought hotspots in the Mediterranean and southern Europe, the Carpathians and the Balkans. • Regional climate models for Europe project a decrease in summer soil moisture of 17 % on average, and by 30 % in June for the period of 2071-2100. • Dry periods are expected to occur 3 times more often at the end of the current century and to last longer by 1 to 3 days compared to the period of 1971-2000. Hail Trends in Probabilistic Hail Index (PHI) between 1951 and 2010 • The atmosphere has become more unstable over the last two to three decades in parts of central Europe, south France and Spain PHI between 2021-2050 and 1971-2000 Mohr et al., 2015 • Hailstorm projection studies, although limited to France, Northern Italy and Germany, show increases in the convective conditions that lead to hail and in some areas an increase in damage days. Source: KIT (Mohr, Kunz, and Geyer, 2015) Climate impact on agriculture • The cultivation of crops, their productivity and quality, are directly dependent on different climatic factors • Climate change is already having an impact on agriculture and it is one of the factors contributing to stagnation in wheat yields in parts of Europe despite continued progress in crop breeding • Climate change is expected to continue to affect agriculture in the with effects greatly varying in Europe. Growing season and phenology for agricultural crops Trends in length of growing season Source: JRC – IES, 2015 Trends in flowering date for wheat Growing season and phenology for agricultural crops • Growing season has lengthened by more than 10 days in last 40 years – the most in northern and eastern Europe. • The growing season is projected to increase further throughout most of Europe. • The projected lengthening of the thermal growing season would allow a northward expansion of warm-season crops to areas that were not previously suitable. • Flowering of several annual crops has advanced by about two days per decade in the last 40 years - affecting crop production • The shortening of crop growth phases in many crops is expected to continue. Agriculture water demand – soil water deficit Ensemble of models based on A1B scenario Agriculture water demand Source: JRC –IES ,2015 WOFOST projections of change in crop water deficit for grain maize growing season in 2030s, as compared to the reference period centred around 2000 for two different global climate models based on RCP8.5 Red: increases in crop water deficit Blue: decreases in crop water deficit Agriculture water demand • Climate change had led to an increase in the crop water demand and crop water deficit in large parts of central and southern Europe. • The projected increases in temperature will lead to increased potential evapotranspiration rates increasing crop water demand across Europe. • The impact of increasing water requirements is expected to be most acute in southern and central Europe, where the crop water deficit and irrigation requirements are projected to increase. Conclusions • An increase in the duration of the thermal growing season has led to northward expansion of areas suitable for several crops. • Changes in crop phenology have been observed, such as advancement of flowering and harvest dates in cereals. • Recent heat waves, droughts, frost and hail have greatly reduced the yield of some crops. The projected increase in the occurrence of such events is expected to increase risk of crop losses. • Climate change is projected to improve the suitability for growing crops in northern Europe and to reduce crop productivity in large parts of southern Europe. Projections based on different climate models agree on the direction of the change, but with some variation in its magnitude. Thank you See for more information: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/ [email protected]