Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Type three secretion system wikipedia , lookup
Name ____________________________________ Date ____________ Period _____ CELL DIVERSITY Raven Ch. 5 Big Idea 2: BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS UTILIZE FREE ENERGY AND MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS TO GROW, TO REPRODUCE AND TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS. Essential Knowledge: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments. The Cell Theory 1. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Why Are Cells So Small? Small Cells Large Cells Cell radius (r): Surface area (4╥r2) : Volume (4/3╥r3): SA/V= As a cell get larger, its volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area! 1 Classification Old: ___________________________ Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New: ___________________________ o reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence Prokaryote: Domain: ____________________ Domain: ____________________ Eukaryotes Domain: ____________________ o ____________________ o ____________________ o ____________________ o ____________________ Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria Prokaryotes live EVERYWHERE! & Bacteria on _____________ & _____________ ______ plants & animals in the _____________ in depths of the _____________ in extreme _____________ in extreme _____________ in extreme _____________ on the _____________ on the _____________ Diversity: Rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My! Structure: _____________ bacilli, cocci, spirilli _____________ 1/10 size of eukaryote cell 1 micron (1um) Internal structure _____________________________________ no membrane-bound organelles only ribosomes _____________________________________ not wrapped around proteins 2 Eukaryotes: Structure _____________________________________ Plant, animal, fungi, protist Size _________larger than a prokaryote cell 10-100 micron (1um) Internal structure Far more complex (compartmentalized) ______________ containing DNA other ____________________ organelles ___________________ (no membrane) _____________________________________ wrapped around proteins Variations prokaryotic in Cell Interior: Chloroplast = ________________________________________ (internal membranes for photosynthesis like a chloroplast) (thylakoids) Mitochondria= _______________________________________ (internal membranes for respiration like a mitochondrion) (cristae) Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure: Gram-positive bacteria Peptidoglycan = ________________________________________ Gram-negative bacteria Lipopolysaccharides= ________________________________________ 3 Prokaryotic metabolism How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? _____________________________________ photosynthetic bacteria _____________________________________ oxidize inorganic compounds Hydrogen into methane, Sulfur into hydrogen sulfide Nitrogen-fixing _____________________________________ live on plant & animal matter decomposers & pathogens Genetic variation in bacteria Mutations bacteria can reproduce every ____________________________ binary fission error rate in copying DNA 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation you have billions of E. coli in your gut! lots of mutation potential! Genetic recombination bacteria swap genes _________________________________ small supplemental circles of DNA ___________________________ direct transfer of DNA Bacteria as pathogens Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) Disease-causing microbes Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria plant diseases ______________________ wilts, fruit rot, blights recycling of nutrients from dead to living animal diseases ______________________ tooth decay, ulcers anthrax, botulism only organisms that can fix N plague, leprosy, “fleshfrom atmosphere eating” disease needed for synthesis of STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia proteins & nucleic acids typhoid, cholera plant root nodules TB, pneumonia help in ___________________ (E. coli) lyme disease digest cellulose for herbivores cellulase enzyme produce vitamins K & B12 for humans produce ______________ & medicines from yogurt to insulin 4