Download cell diversity

Name ____________________________________ Date ____________ Period _____
CELL DIVERSITY
Raven Ch. 5
Big Idea 2: BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS UTILIZE FREE ENERGY AND MOLECULAR BUILDING
BLOCKS TO GROW, TO REPRODUCE AND TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.
Essential Knowledge:
 Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.
 Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes.
 Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions.
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All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are
affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different
environments.
The Cell Theory
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
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2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
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3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Why Are Cells So Small?
Small Cells
Large Cells
Cell radius (r):
Surface area (4╥r2) :
Volume
(4/3╥r3):
SA/V=
As a cell get larger, its volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area!
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Classification
 Old: ___________________________
 Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals
 New: ___________________________
o reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence
 Prokaryote:
 Domain: ____________________
 Domain: ____________________
 Eukaryotes
 Domain: ____________________
o ____________________
o ____________________
o ____________________
o ____________________
Prokaryotes:
Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes live EVERYWHERE!
&
Bacteria
 on _____________ & _____________
 ______ plants & animals
 in the _____________
 in depths of the _____________
 in extreme _____________
 in extreme _____________
 in extreme _____________
 on the _____________
 on the _____________
Diversity: Rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!
Structure:
 _____________
 bacilli, cocci, spirilli
 _____________
 1/10 size of eukaryote cell
 1 micron (1um)
 Internal structure
 _____________________________________
 no membrane-bound organelles
 only ribosomes
 _____________________________________
 not wrapped around proteins
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Eukaryotes:
Structure
 _____________________________________
 Plant, animal, fungi, protist
 Size
 _________larger than a prokaryote cell
 10-100 micron (1um)
 Internal structure
 Far more complex (compartmentalized)
 ______________ containing DNA
 other ____________________ organelles
 ___________________ (no membrane)
 _____________________________________
 wrapped around proteins
Variations prokaryotic in Cell Interior:
Chloroplast = ________________________________________ (internal membranes for photosynthesis like a
chloroplast) (thylakoids)
Mitochondria= _______________________________________ (internal membranes for respiration
like a mitochondrion) (cristae)
Endosymbiotic Theory
Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure:
Gram-positive bacteria
Peptidoglycan = ________________________________________
Gram-negative bacteria
Lipopolysaccharides= ________________________________________
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Prokaryotic metabolism
 How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients?
 _____________________________________
 photosynthetic bacteria
 _____________________________________
 oxidize inorganic compounds
 Hydrogen into methane, Sulfur into hydrogen sulfide
 Nitrogen-fixing
 _____________________________________
 live on plant & animal matter
 decomposers & pathogens
Genetic variation in bacteria
 Mutations
 bacteria can reproduce every ____________________________
 binary fission
 error rate in copying DNA
 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation
 you have billions of E. coli in your gut!
 lots of mutation potential!
 Genetic recombination
 bacteria swap genes
 _________________________________
 small supplemental circles of DNA
 ___________________________
 direct transfer of DNA
Bacteria as pathogens
Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary)
 Disease-causing microbes
 Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria
 plant diseases
 ______________________
 wilts, fruit rot, blights
 recycling of nutrients from dead
to living
 animal diseases
 ______________________
 tooth decay, ulcers
 anthrax, botulism
 only organisms that can fix N
 plague, leprosy, “fleshfrom atmosphere
eating” disease
 needed for synthesis of
 STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia
proteins & nucleic acids
 typhoid, cholera
 plant root nodules
 TB, pneumonia
 help in ___________________ (E. coli)
 lyme disease
 digest cellulose for herbivores
 cellulase enzyme
 produce vitamins K & B12 for
humans
 produce ______________ & medicines
 from yogurt to insulin
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