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outline glycolysis to pyruvate
with the yield of ATP and
reduced NAD+
1
10 steps in Glycolysis

ADP
phosphorylation
ATP

hexokinase


1
Glucose receives a
phosphate group
from ATP
to form glucose-6phosphate.
Process:
phosphorylation
Enzyme:
hexokinase
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2
2

isomerization

Glucose-6phosphate
converted to its
isomer,
fructose-6phosphate.
Process:
Isomerization
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3
3

ADP
phosphorylation
ATP
Phosphofructokinase


Another ATP is
invested to
molecule,
forming fructose1,6-bisphosphate.
Process:
Phosphorylation
Enzyme:
Phosphofructokinase
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4
4

GlyceraldehydeDihydroxyacetone
Phosphate (DHAP) 3-phosphate (G3P)

Fructose-1,6bisphosphate is then
split into two 3carbon sugars,
glyceraldehyde-3phosphate (G3P)
and
dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP).
Process: Lysis /
Cleavage
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5
5

isomerization
Dihydroxyacetone
Phosphate (DHAP)
Glyceraldehyde- 
3-phosphate (G3P)

Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) is
converted to its isomer,
glyceraldehyde-3phosphate
(G3P) a.k.a
phosphoglycerate
(PGAL)
Process: Isomerization
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6
6

G3P/
G3P/
2NADH + 2H+
oxidation
2NAD+



G3P undergoes
dehydrogenation with
NAD+ as hydrogen
acceptor.
Product of this very
exergonic reaction
G3P reacts with
inorganic phosphate
present in cytosol to
yield 1,3bisphosphoglycerate
(BPG).
Process: Oxidation /
Dehydrogenation
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7
7
BPG/
BPG/
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ADP


(3PG)
(3PG)
One of phosphates of
BPG reacts with ADP
to form ATP resulting
in 3phosphoglycerate
(3PG).
Process: Substratelevel
phosphorylation
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8
8
(3PG)
(3PG)
isomerization


(2PG)
3PG is rearranged
to 2phosphoglycerate
(2PG)
Process:
Isomerization.
(2PG)
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9
9
(2PG)
(2PG)
dehydration
H20


ONE molecule of
water is removed,
which results in
formation of double
bond. The product,
phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).
Process: Dehydration
(removal of water)
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10
10

ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ADP

Phosphate group of
PEP molecules is
transferred to ADP
to yield ATP and
pyruvate.
Process: Substratelevel
phosphorylation.
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11
Review: Glycolysis
12
Watch the animation
and answer the
following questions
1
2
3
Animation
4
5




Energy investing phase
Energy yielding phase
Where reduced NAD+ is
produced
Name of enzymes at 1 & 3
6
7
8
9
10
13
14