Download breakdown of living things

UNIT 1
STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION
HOW THINGS ARE BUILT
AND HOW THEY WORK
At every level of organization
structure
is arranged based on
function.
HOW IS LIFE
ORGANIZED?
1. BIOSPHERE
Zone of life, the layer of
Earth’s surface where
life is found
2. Biome
Region with similar
climate and plant type
Example: desert
3. ECOSYSTEM
All the organisms which share
the same habitat: The
community plus the abiotic
factors that they use.
Biotic factors - Abiotic factors
4. Community
The combination of all
the populations in an
ecosystem
5. Population
All the individuals of
one species in a
community
6. Organism
An individual
living thing
7. System
A set of interacting
organs working together
to accomplish a common
task
8. Organ
A structure made up of
tissues that performs a
task within a body
system
9. Tissue
A group of cells that
together carry out a
specific function
10. Cell
The unit of structure
and function for all
living things
11. Molecule
2 or more atoms bonded
together.
Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Fats, DNA, ATP
12. Atom
Building blocks of
molecules
C,
H, O, N, P, S
UNIT 1-1
MOLECULES
PROTEINS
Structural proteins
Make up the structure of our
cells.
(make up us,
we are made of cells)
YOUR SKIN
YOUR MUSCLES
PROTEINS
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze
the reactions going on
in our cells (bodies)
NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA)
The instructions for building our
bodies.
In the nucleus of each cell.
Tells the cells which proteins to
make.
CARBOHYDRATES
Sugars and Starch
Energy source for our
cells (our bodies)
LIPIDS
Long
term storage of energy.
LIPIDS
Cell membranes
ATP
The molecule that holds the
energy from our food until our
cells (bodies) need it.
REVIEW: 5 ORGANIC MOLECULES
Make up cell membranes?
 Enzymes?
 The main source of energy in our diets?
 Holds the energy from our food until we need it?
 Makes up the structure of our cells?
 Long term storage of energy?
 Fiber?
 Controls the chemical reactions in our bodies?

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
ATOM
 The
smallest particle of matter that
still has the properties of that
element.
 The building blocks of molecules.
MOLECULE
Two or more atoms COVALENTLY
bonded together. (Sharing pair
electrons)
ELEMENT
Pure substance. Contains only
one type of element.
Oxygen = O2, Nitrogen = N2
Hydrogen = H2
COMPOUND
Two or more elements bonded
together
H2O
CO2
ATOM
Oxygen
O=8
FILLING THE OUTER SHELL
H - Hydrogen
N - Nitrogen
CARBON – MOST IMPORTANT
NEEDS 4 MORE ELECTRONS
IONIC BONDS
 Ion
= atom gains or loses an electron,
giving it a + or – charge.
IONIC BONDS
 Opposites
attract
 Oppositely charged ions stick together
IONS FORM CRYSTALS
Salt
= sodium chloride
COVALENT BOND
Make
molecules
2 atoms share a pair of electrons
to fill their outer shells.
HYDROGEN BONDS
POLAR MOLECULES
 Electrons
are shared Unequally, causing
a positive and negative end (pole) like a
magnet.
HYDROGEN BONDS
 Polar
molecules stick to each other
like weak magnets.
 Why
is water a liquid at room temp?
 Why does it stick to things?
 Why is it a solvent?
DNA HYDROGEN BONDS
3 BONDS - REVIEW
 Makes
 How
molecules ?
?
 Makes crystals ?
 How ?
 Holds water together ?
 Why ?
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
 Glucose:
C6H12O6
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
pH Scale
Measures acids and bases
P. 86 IN BIOLOGY BOOK
WATER SPLITS INTO IONS
MORE H+ IONS = ACID
MORE OH- IONS = BASE
IF H+ AND OH- ARE THE
SAME IT IS NEUTRAL (7)
PROTEINS
2
jobs (there are more)
 Make up structure of cells (our
bodies)
 Enzymes control the chemical
reactions in our bodies
BUILDING PROTEINS
 Polypeptide
= long chain of amino
acids
 DNA tells the cell the order of the
amino acids
AMINO ACIDS
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
ENZYMES
 Catalysts
– control chemical reactions in
our bodies
 Specific – they can only do one specific
reaction
 They can be used over and over
 Changes in temperature or pH will make
them lose their shape and not work.
CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharide (glucose) = single sugar

Disaccharide (sucrose) = double sugar
POLYSACCHARIDES
 Chain
of many sugars
 Starch
= made by plants to store excess
glucose, we do have the enzymes to
digest it
 Cellulose (fiber) = makes up cell walls in
plant cells. We do NOT have enzymes to
digest it.
 Glycogen (animal starch) = made by
animals (us) to store excess glucose until
we need it
LIPIDS - FATS
 Long
term storage of energy
 Make up cell membranes
 Nonpolar = will not mix with or stick
to water
FATTY ACIDS
 Building
blocks of lipids
BODY FAT
 Triglycerides
CELL MEMBRANE
 Phospholipid
bilayer = 2 layers of . . . .
ATP
 The
molecule that holds the energy
from our food (glucose) until we need
it.
ATP
 We
eat carbohydrates (starch) and digest
them down to simple sugars (glucose).
Our blood then brings the glucose (sugar)
to our cells for energy. Our cells break
down the glucose to release its energy.
That energy is then stored in ATP until our
bodies (cells) need it.