Download Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

FACTSHEET 2
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)
Developer
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) reviews and accepts
methodologies submitted by external entities. The concept was first named in the Bali
Action Plan in December 2007, and it was adopted at the end of the high level UN Climate
Change Meeting. Issues were clarified in Copenhagen Accord in 2009.
Location
http://unfccc.int/2860.php
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are voluntary country engagement
proposals to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The
concept of NAMAs emerged as part of the Bali Road Map that was agreed at the United
Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali in December 2007. They are a set of
government prioritized actions aimed at reducing or limiting GHG emissions. NAMAs are
expected to be the main vehicle for mitigation action in developing countries under a future
climate agreement, and can be policies, programs or projects implemented at national,
regional, or local levels.
NAMAs were created to:
 Ensure that developing countries can benefit from emission reduction options that
are still available in their countries.
 Provide a pathway for the climate change abatement in all nations.
 Support actions in more than one sector.
NAMA agreements are founded by participating countries and contained within Annex I
and Non-Annex I documents where information on the related context, conditions and
considerations associated with these mitigation actions are included, as well as the
financial support required for their preparation and implementation. NAMAs adjustment,
rules, and feasibility studies are still in process.
Methodology
NAMA’s approach supports an enhanced range of activities from an increased number of
participants around the world. This approach encompasses measures and policies to
reduce GHGs in a variety of sectors.
When calculating emission reductions, the most important part is to estimate emissions
from business-as-usual (BAU). BAU can be calculated based on:
 CDM methodology (see Section 1)
 IPCC inventory guidelines
 New methodologies developed under NAMA
Emissions Reductions = BAU (Activity estimated * CO2 EF) –Project (Activity Actual * CO2
EF)
There are seven steps for NAMA plans:
1. Review related policies/plans and their progress in the NAMA sector. Examine
and understand national policies, plan and target elements in the NAMAs based
on existing information, and understand the methodology for the NAMA project.
2. Set reference scenarios in the NAMA sector
Identify barriers based on existing projects, set reference scenarios in the NAMA
sector, and consider countermeasures identified.
3. Set NAMA targets in the NAMA sector
Identify main GHG emission source, select GHG mitigation measure, estimate
GHG emission reduction potential, and set NAMA target.
4. Develop priority NAMA projects in the NAMA sector
Define the methodology to use for priority NAMA projects, review priority
NAMA projects over the country, and the priority should be selected.
5. Establish MRV methodologies for NAMA plans
6. Identify possible financial resources for implementing NAMA plans
7. Consider possible schedule for implementing NAMA plans
Inputs
After its implementation, several countries have been involved, and the most recently
study (the feasibility of the case study as an activity within NAMA) is carried out in
Vientiane, the capital city of Laos. Based on Lao’s study case “key for MRV is verification on
Data”
Table 8.1 NAMAS Inputs – Lao’s study case
Monitoring Subject
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Input values for traffic demand model
Implementation
Road construction
Distance of vehicle (trip)
Share of vehicle
Average speed
Passenger/public vehicle
Emission factor for vehicle
Source: (Koakutsu, 2011)
Pollutants/Gases Analyzed
CO2, CH4, N2O
Evaluation
Social economic data
Population – social economic data –
vehicle per household
Traffic Volume data
Distance, share of vehicle, average speed
Emission factor data
Emission factor by vehicle in Lao PDR
“Rules and methodologies to operate NAMA projects have not been established, and also
credits rules could build on existing CDM rules and criteria.” (Chung, 2011) 1 According to
an overview study done for GIZ, the differences between CDM and NAMAs are summarized
in the next table (Table A).
Table 8.2 Differences between CDM and NAMAs - Evaluation
Definition
Type of actions
Initiator of activity
Return on investment
Preconditions
1
CDM
Mechanism of the Kyoto
Protocol (Art. 12). The CDM
allows a country with an
emission-reduction or
emission-limitation
commitment under the Kyoto
Protocol (Annex B Party) to
implement an emissionreduction project in
developing countries
Projects (e.g.BRT) and
programmes of activities
(PoA)
Private sector.
Companies and designated
operational entities (DOEs)
identify and implement
projects.
Certificates (CERs).
Certified emission reductions
are issued by the CDM
executive Board based on
verification report. CERs can
be traded on carbon markets.
Reductions in emissions
must be additional to any
that would occur in the
NAMA
Commitment under the
Convention. All parties (…)
shall formulate, implement,
publish and regularly update
national (…) programmes
containing measures to
mitigate climate change (…)
(UNFCCC Art. 4.1b).
Internationally supported
NAMAs will be measured,
reported and verified (MRV
ed) domestically and will be
subject to international
measurement, reporting and
verification (decision 1/CP.16
(para 61).
Policies, programmes and
projects (e.g. sustainable
transport policy)
Government.
National governments,
possibly in collaboration with
regional or local authorities,
initiate activities.
Financial and technical
support.
Developed country Parties
shall provide enhanced
financial, technological and
capacity building support for
the preparation and
implementation of NAMAs of
developing country Parties
and for enhanced reporting
by these Parties (para 52 of
decision 1/CP.16)
NAMA in the context of
sustainable development,
aimed at achieving a deviation
Market-based Post-2012 Climate Regime: Carbon Credit for NAMAs. Available at:
http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/ad_hoc_working_groups/lca/text/plain/non-paper_from_korea.txt
Requirement
absence of the certified
project activity (KP Art. 12.5
c)
CDM to assist developing
country Parties in achieving
sustainable development (KP
Art. 12.2)
Project supports sustainable
development (proven by
governmental letter)
Financing
Upfront financing through
private sector. Certificates
are issued ex-post based on
regular verification reports.
CERs can be sold on a carbon
market
Administrative
requirements
Strong rulebook (Marrakech
Accords)
GHG reduction potential
2005-2011
500 Mt CO2eq
in emissions relative to
‘business as usual’ emissions
in 2020 (para 48 of decision
1/CP.16)
Action is nationally
appropriate (proven by
governmental registration
under the UNFCCC)
Domestic resources and/or
international support (e.g.
through bi-lateral
agreements, development
banks or multilateral funds,
incl. Green Climate fund) for
the preparation and
implementation of NAMAs.
General guidelines yet to be
developed under UNFCCC
(paras 61 and 62of decision
1/CP16)
2012-2020 (15-30% against
BAU)
More than 40.000 Mt CO2eq
Source: (GIZ, 2011)
Precedent
NAMA proposals of support and adherence from 43 countries have been submitted to the
UNFCCC, and 18 countries have showed intentions to engage in actions in the transport
sector.
These
are
available
at:
2
http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_15/copenhagen_accord/items/5265.php .
This document, as well as the related context, conditions and considerations associated
with these mitigation actions, including with regard to the support required for their
preparation and implementation
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change document, FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1,
presents the information communicated by Parties not included in Annex I to the
Convention on nationally appropriate mitigation actions that these Parties intend to
implement.
Additional Information
A feasibility study on NAMA was undertaken within the Transport Sector of Lao PDR. The
study investigated the GHG emissions reduction effect and MRV (measurement, reporting
2
Appendix II - Nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing country Parties
and verification) management. The expectation for NAMA is high and “it is hoped that
barriers in CDM for the transport sector will be clarified and a new framework is built on
the lessons learnt from such issues.” 3
References
Sutter, C., Schibli, R., 2011. If you want a Nama tomorrow you need a PoA today.
Trading Carbon, Thomson Reuters. Pag. 36-37
GEC, Global Environmental Centre Foundation & Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
2011. Japan’s Initiative toward Establishment of New Mechanisms. Lessons
Learnt from Case Studies 2010. Pag. 28 (8). Accessed on July 26, 2011 at:
http://gec.jp/gec/en/Activities/fs_newmex/newmexcasestudies2010lessonlearnt.pdf
Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities Co., Ltd., 2011. FS Title: “Feasibility Study
on NAMA in the Transport Sector of Lao PDR”. Available at:
http://gec.jp/gec/en/Activities/fs_newmex/2010/2010newmex02MUMSS_eLao
s_rep.pdf
IGES, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - Koakutsu, K., July 4, 2011.
NAMA and MRV: in Market Mechanism. New Market Mechanism and MRV
Workshop.
Accesed
on
July
27,
2011
at:
http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/3297/attach/110704_
nama%20and%20mrv_koakutsu.pdf
UNFCCC and United Nations, March 18, 2011. Compilation of information on
nationally appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented by Parties not
included in Annex I to the Convention (FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1).
He, J. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) by Developing Countries.
Tsinghua University.
Dalkmann, H., and Binsted, A., 2010. Copenhagen Accord NAMA submissions.
Implication for Transport Sector. Post 2012 Agreement, website: Bridging the
gap, Pathway for transport in the post 2012 process. Accessed on July 28, 2011
at: http://www.sutp.org/documents/NAMA-SUB-Final-0210.pdf
GIZ & Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear
Safety.CDM and NAMAs – Overview and Differences. Transport and Mobility.
Accessed
on
July
28,
2011
at:
http://www.transport2012.org/bridging/ressources/documents/2/1502,Facts
heet_NAMA_CDM.pdf
Binsted, A., 2011. NAMA Submissions to the UNFCCC: An overview from transport
perspective. Post 2012 Agreement, website: Bridging the gap, Pathway for
transport in the post 2012 process. Accessed on July 28, 2011 at:
http://www.transport2012.org/bridging/ressources/files/1/1493,NAMA_prop
osals_May_2011.pdf
3
Lao’s transport NAMA Feasibility Study introduced the Adjust/Verification system for the BAU during monitoring
(Theory & Reality)