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Immune System By: Wyatt Ainslie & Colin Marsh Lesson Plan O Present O Present poster/model O Handout wrkst O Do Wrkst Immunology O Immunology is a science that examines the structure and O O O O function of the immune system. Originates from medicine and early studies on causes of immunity to disease. In the 18th century Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to it. This was later exploited by Louis Pastuer in the development of vaccination. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever. Immunology Cont. O Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the ninetenth century in the study of humoral immunity and cellular immunity. O Paul Ehrlich proposed the side-chain theory to explain the antigen-antibody reaction; which he an the founder of cellular immunology were awarded the Nobel Prize. Layered Defense O The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. O Physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. O If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate response. O Innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish from substances Innate Immune System O Microorganism’s or toxin’s that successfully enter the cells and O O O O O O mechanism’s of this system Response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors. The defense systems respond to pathogen in a generic way. The innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organism Surface barriers protect organisms from infection. Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. Complement system is a biological cascade that attacks the surfaces of foreign cells. Adaptive Immune System O The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and O O O O O O allows for a stronger immune response . The adaptive immune response is antigen specific and requires the recognition of antigens during antigen presentation. Lymphocytes are cells which have special types of leukocytes called lymphocytes. Natural killer cells are a component which does not attack invading microbes. Killer t cells are a sub-group of t-cells that are infected with viruses. Helper t-cells regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses and help determine which responses the body. Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity that engulf great pathogens. Immunological Memory O When b cells and t cells are activated and begin to replicate and some of there offspring become memory cells. O Immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory. O Passive memory have several layers of protection provided by the mother. O During pregnancy the antibody IgG is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta. Alternate Adaptive Immune System O Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates O Lamprey and Hagfish have a distinct lymphocyte derived molecule. O These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies. Active Memory and Immunization O Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of b and t cells O Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. O Vaccination introduces an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity. O Most viral vaccines are based on live attenuated viruses, while many bacterial vaccines are based on acellular components. Disorders of Immunity O Immunodefiences- occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. Malnutrition is one of these causes. O Autoimmunity-Immune system fails to distinguish self and non-self and attacks itself. O Hypersensitivety- immune response that damages the body’s own tissues. Tumor Immunology O Role is to identify and eliminate tumors. O The antigens expressed by tumors have several sources like oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus. O The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer t-cells. Physiological Regulation O Hormones act as immunomodulaters, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. O The immune system is affected by sleep and rest, and sleep deprivation is detrimental to immune function. Any Questions? Bibliography O Beck,Gregory; Gail Habicht(november1996).Immunity O O O O and the Invertebrates” Scientific American “Inflammatory Cells and Cancer”, Lisa M. Coussens and Zena Werb, Journal of Experimental Medicine, March 19, 2001. “Chronic Immune Activation and Inflammation”, K.J. O’Bryne and A.G. Dalgleish, British Journal of Cancer, August 2010 Retief FP, Cilliers L. “The Epidemic of Athens, Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, U.S. Army Walter Reed Army Medical Center.