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Transcript
Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 3e (Withgott) Chapter 16 Marine and Coastal Systems: Resources, Impacts, and Conservation 16.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions Use Figure 16.1 to answer the following questions. 1) In temperate and tropical regions, water temperature becomes rapidly colder as a function of depth ________. A) above 500 feet B) in the lowest parts of the deep zone C) in the superficial deep zone D) in the surface zone E) in the pycnocline Answer: D Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 1 2) Areas near ________ have the greatest temperature differential with depth. A) the poles B) the equator C) the United States D) Canada E) Europe Answer: B Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 3) Which of the following is true? A) Polar areas lack a deep zone. B) Polar areas lack a pycnocline. C) Temperate areas lack a deep zone. D) Temperate areas lack a pycnocline. E) Tropical areas lack a surface zone. Answer: B Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 2 16.2 Matching Questions Match the following. 1) Ecosystem that lies along the shoreline between the farthest reach of the highest tides and the lowest reach of the lowest tide Diff: 3 A) deep zone B) drift netting C) mangrove forest D) bottom trawling Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 2) Ocean zone where water is dense and sluggish and not affected by winds, sunlight, and daily temperature fluctuations Diff: 3 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 3) Tree-dominated ecosystem in tropical and subtropical latitudes that consists of gently sloping sandy and silty coastal areas E) littoral zone F) G) H) I) pelagic zone estuary pycnocline surface zone J) salt marsh K) neritic zone Diff: 3 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 4) Area where a river flows into the ocean, mixing fresh‑ and saltwater Diff: 2 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 5) Ocean zone that comprises approximately 18% of the ocean's water; where density increases and temperature decreases Diff: 3 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 6) Fishing technique for capturing groundfish Diff: 2 Objective: 16.3 Uses of marine resources 3 1) E 2) A 3) C 4) G 5) H 6) D 16.3 Short Answer Questions 1) What was the impetus for establishing the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary? Answer: The sanctuary was established because overfishing, trash and sewage dumping, boat groundings, and careless anchoring were damaging the region's ecosystems, while its waters received inputs of pesticides, oil, and heavy metals from roads, residential areas, and farms on the islands. The impacts on water quality, sea grass, and coral reefs combined with overfishing severely depressed fish stocks. The act that created the sanctuary, enacted in 1989, safeguards marine habitat and bans oil exploration, mining, dumping, and large ships in the sanctuary. Diff: 2 Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves 2) What is meant by the term world ocean? Answer: The oceans of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic oceans are all connected, comprising a single vast body of water that covers 71% of Earth's surface and contains 97.2% of its surface water. The connectivity among the oceans suggests that marine resources are communal and that degradation in one region eventually affects the others. Diff: 1 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 3) What conditions produce the diversity found in the rocky intertidal zone? Answer: The large variation in surface texture temperature, salinity, and water level gives rise to the wide variety of organisms that live in these areas. Diff: 1 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 4) What does it mean that we are "fishing down the food chain"? Answer: Sizes of caught fish decline with higher rates of fishing. As we overfish the seas, we have largely eliminated stocks of large predators, many of whom are adult commercial fish species. Now we are fishing our way through more moderately sized consumers. Because food chains are not infinitely long, we will eventually be left with only primary consumers, which may not be very palatable. Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 5) How have declines in fisheries been masked in recent years? Answer: Fishermen have been traveling farther and fishing longer to obtain the same number of fish. Technological advances have also improved fishing efficiency, and some nations overreported their catches. Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 6) Why is the ocean salty? Answer: Ocean water is 96.5% water by mass. The remainder is mostly ions from dissolved salts. The salts are carried to the ocean from wind and rivers that bring sediment and dissolved salts from the continents. Evaporation from the ocean surface removes pure water, leaving high concentrations of salts. Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 4 7) Explain how warmer coastal waters resulting from global climate change may affect coral reefs. Answer: If water temperatures increase many species will eject their zooxanthellae, subsequently bleaching and dying. On the other hand, corals may be able to colonize waters that were previously too cold for them and also move into low-elevation areas that may become flooded by expanding oceans. Diff: 2 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 8) In Florida, air temperatures can vary between 30-100°F, but ocean surface temperatures vary only between about 70 and 88 degrees. What causes these major differences between air and water temperatures? What effect does this have on coastal climate? Answer: This is the result of the high specific heat of water. It serves as a heat sink, making peak summer temperatures somewhat lower and winter cold snaps much less severe in coastal areas. Diff: 3 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 9) The study of the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceans is called ________. Answer: oceanography Diff: 1 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 10) ________ are the periodic rising and falling of the ocean's height at a given location due to the gravitational pull of the moon. Answer: Tides Diff: 1 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 11) A concept called ________ has been used to manage fish populations by allowing maximal harvests of particular populations while keeping fish available for the future. Answer: maximum sustainable yield Diff: 3 Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves 16.4 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) About 80% of the ocean's water exists in the ________. A) surface zone B) pycnocline C) deep zone D) thermocline E) euphotic zone Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 5 2) Ocean water is saltiest ________. A) where there is a large amount of glacial melting B) where rains are the heaviest C) where there is high evaporation and low precipitation D) in estuaries E) at the equator Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 3) Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part ________. A) low in oxygen B) the coldest C) the densest D) the saltiest E) well mixed Answer: E Diff: 1 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 4) Which of the following is not characteristic of currents? A) always rapid and powerful B) driven by density differences C) driven by temperature D) driven by gravity E) driven by wind Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 5) The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. A) pycnocline B) topographic shelf C) continental shelf D) bathymetric zone E) surface zone Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 6) The Oil Protection Act of 1990 ________. A) was a global treaty signed by all oil‑transporting nations B) restricted oil movement to land rather than sea C) required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled D) increased gas taxes to pay for the Exxon Valdez spill E) is not effective at altering national oil incidents Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 6 7) What does the term groundfish refer to? A) fish that form the base of the food web of deep‑water habitats B) various species that live in benthic habitats, such as haddock and flounder C) various species that live in littoral habitats, such as tuna and whitefish D) various species that are found in estuaries E) fish used for bait Answer: B Diff: 3 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 8) Sea otters act as keystone species in the ________. A) salt marshes B) mangrove forests C) kelp forests D) deep ocean systems E) coral reefs Answer: C Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 9) Zooxanthellae are ________. A) an endangered species of fish in the Pacific Ocean B) symbiotic bacteria that decompose tissues of dead animals in oceans C) symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in oceans D) symbiotic algae that provide coral reefs with energy via their photosynthetic activity E) an invasive species of kelp in the Indian Ocean Answer: D Diff: 2 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 10) Which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems? A) It can lead to algal blooms that kill fish. B) It can aid corals by killing parasites. C) It is rare and occurs only in bad weather. D) It provides needed limiting nutrients. E) It does not occur. Answer: A Diff: 1 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 11) Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine systems is ________. A) radiation B) oil spills C) plastic dumping D) overharvesting E) abandoned fishing nets Answer: D Diff: 2 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 7 12) Hypoxia and eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay may in part be attributed to ________. A) loss of kelp to take up nutrients B) loss of otters to maintain kelp C) harvesting of oysters that previously would have filtered nutrients D) harvesting of sea turtles that maintain urchin populations E) overfishing salmon that maintain the entire system Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 13) A 2003 study reported that ________% of large-bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing. A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 50 E) 90 Answer: E Diff: 3 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 14) Upwelling ________. A) occurs in areas where there are no currents B) is the flow of warm water up toward the ocean surface C) of ocean water results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface D) occurs where winds blow at right angles toward the coastline E) transports oxygen up toward the ocean surface Answer: C Diff: 3 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 15) Downwelling ________. A) occurs in areas where surface currents converge, or flow toward each other B) occurs in areas where currents diverge, or flow away from each other C) of ocean water results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface D) occurs where winds blow at right angles toward the coastline E) is the flow of cold water down toward the ocean floor Answer: A Diff: 3 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 16) Bathymetry is best defined as the study of ________. A) earthquakes B) human populations C) fish populations D) ocean depths E) coral reefs Answer: D Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 8 17) Hydrothermal vents ________. A) create ocean currents B) provide nutrients to symbiotic bacteria that support ecosystems at the ocean floor C) occur in tropical areas at the ocean surface D) make the photic zone of ocean pelagic areas the most productive E) are passageways for fish within coral reefs Answer: B Diff: 2 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 18) Kelp are ________. A) plants that grow on the deep ocean floor B) large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish C) mostly found in tropical waters D) poisonous if ingested by fish or humans E) a species of endangered fish Answer: B Diff: 1 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 19) Salt marshes ________. A) contain too much salt to be inhabited by many organisms B) occur mostly in tropical areas C) occur mostly in arctic areas D) occur mostly in temperate areas E) presently have remained undisturbed by human activities Answer: D Diff: 1 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 20) It is estimated that ________% of the world's marine fish populations are fully exploited. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40 E) 50 Answer: E Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 21) In 1992, the Canadian government ________. A) ordered a complete ban on cod fishing B) gave subsidies to fishermen who were losing money due to low fish harvests C) banned the use of trawl fishing D) enacted laws to protect many species of whales E) started harvesting manganese nodules from the ocean floor Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 9 22) By-catch ________. A) is fishing only at deep levels of the ocean B) is fishing only at the surface of the ocean C) is the practice of returning female and young fish back to the ocean D) refers to the capture of animals not meant to be caught E) is fishing for two species of fish concurrently Answer: D Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 23) Most present‑day fisheries managers ________. A) wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference. B) want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished C) favor short‑term solutions to marine ecosystem problems D) favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others E) favor taxes on commercial fishing boats Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 24) Most marine protected areas ________. A) are in the open oceans B) have been established without the consent of the United States C) prohibit the installation if oil pipelines and fiber‑optic cable lines within them D) are along the coastlines of developed nations E) ban fishing and extractive activities Answer: D Diff: 3 Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves 25) Marine reserves ________. A) are people responsible for policing the open ocean waters B) are people responsible for policing the coastlines C) are "no‑take" areas in the oceans D) provide no benefits to fishers, so are unanimously opposed by them E) are opposed by most environmentalists Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves 26) Approximately ________ of Earth's human population lives within 100 miles of the ocean. A) 1/10 B) 1/3 C) 2/3 D) 1/2 E) 3/4 Answer: C Diff: 2 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 10 27) Red tides are caused by ________. A) increased ocean oxygen content B) increased ocean carbon dioxide content C) nutrient upwelling D) the position of the moon E) nutrient pollution leading to marine algae blooms Answer: E Diff: 2 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 28) ________ will hopefully reduce the among of solid waste garbage in oceans A) Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act B) U.S. Oil Pollution Act C) the establishment of Marine Protected Areas D) the Mangrove Protection Act E) the FAO Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 16.5 True/False Questions 1) Approximately 40% of the planet's surface is covered by ocean. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 2) Into the mid-20th century, it was common for U.S. coastal cities to dump trash into the ocean. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 3) The majority of the oil polluting our oceans is from large spills. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 4) In all Earth's deep ocean areas, water density increases with depth. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 5) Regardless of latitude, the deep water zone is equivalent in temperature. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 6) The deepest zones of the ocean are void of life. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 11 7) Overfishing, pollution and and habitat alteration fortunately have had little effect on the overall biodiversity of ocean ecosystems. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems 16.6 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the importance of the goods and services that ocean ecosystems provide for humans. Answer: The oceans facilitate transportation and commerce, influence global climate, teem with biodiversity, and provide us with many resources. Oceans provide an affordable means of moving people and products over vast distances. The historical impacts of shipping on human culture and commerce are profound, accelerating the global reach of certain cultures and the interaction of long-isolated peoples. The thousands of ships plying the world's oceans today carry everything from cod to cargo containers to crude oil. Due to water's high heat capacity, oceans can moderate climate by absorbing heat from the atmosphere. They are a source of thermal energy, and they can also release heat into the atmosphere. Humans use oceans as sources of commercially valuable energy. Oil and methane hydrate sediments represent fossil fuel resources in the ocean. In recent decades, engineers have developed turbines that generate electricity using the ebb and flow of the tides for energy. There are thousands of species of fish in the oceans that provide us with food. People also extract minerals from the ocean floor. By using large vacuum cleaner-like hydraulic dredges, miners collect sediments and mineral deposits such as sand and gravel from deep beneath the sea. Sulfur is extracted from salt deposits in the Gulf of Mexico, and phosphorite is extracted from many offshore areas, including several near the California coast. Other valuable minerals found on or beneath the sea floor include calcium carbonate (used in making cement), silica (used as fire‑resistant insulation and in manufacturing glass), and rich deposits of copper, zinc, silver, and gold ore. Many minerals are found concentrated in manganese nodules, small ball‑shaped accretions that litter parts of the ocean floor. Also, the sea has always been a primal symbol and experience for humans, representing vastness, the beyond and the abode of higher beings. Oceans have a great value in their intangible ecosystem services, giving us a source of artistic inspiration, beauty and peace of mind which are mainstays of the tourism industry worldwide. Diff: 2 Objective: 16.3 Uses of marine resources 12 2) What are the two main ecosystem divisions of the marine environment? What factors provide variation within these divisions? Answer: Marine biologists classify marine habitats into pelagic (open water) and benthic (bottom) ecosystems. Pelagic ecosystems occur between the ocean surface and ocean floor. Benthic areas occur on the ocean floor. These major areas are subdivided into zones based on depth. Pelagic waters extend from epipelagic zones near the surface down to haldalpelagic zones at depths below 19,700 feet. Surface waters that receive adequate light for photosynthesis are considered to be in the photic zone, and waters above the continental shelves are said to be in the neritic zone. Benthic zones range from the intertidal zone, where the ocean meets the land, to the continental shelves and down to the deeper bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones. Vertical zones vary in topography, temperature, salinity, nutrients, and sunlight. Diff: 3 Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments 3) Discuss the impacts of human‑made pollution on ocean ecosystems. Answer: Oceans have long been a sink for human wastes. Even into the mid-20th century, it was common for coastal cities in the United States to dump trash and pump untreated sewage onto mudflats and into embayments. Coastal dumping practices have left a toxic legacy around the United States, but marine pollution continues today. Oil, plastic, industrial chemicals, sewage sludge, excess nutrients, abandoned fishing gear: All eventually make their way into the oceans. Pollutants such as crude oil are also a problem. The majority of oil pollution in the oceans comes not from large spills but from cumulative small sources, including leakage from small boats and runoff from human activities on land. In addition, the amount of petroleum spilled into the oceans each year is equaled by the amount that seeps into the water from naturally occurring seafloor deposits. Pollution from petroleum products is extremely detrimental to the marine environment and the human economies that draw sustenance from that environment. Petroleum can physically coat and kill intertidal and free‑swimming marine organisms, and ingested chemical components in petroleum can poison marine life. Plastic bags and bottles, fishing nets, gloves, fishing line, buckets, floats, abandoned cargo, and nearly everything else that humans transport on the sea or dispose into it can present problems for marine organisms and for people who depend upon the sea. Because most plastic is not biodegradable, it can drift for decades before washing up on beaches. Some marine animals, including seabirds, fish, and endangered sea turtles, can mistake floating plastic debris for food (such as mistaking clear plastic for jellyfish), and many die as a result. Artificial pollution from fertilizer runoff or other nutrient inputs can also have dire effects on marine ecosystems, as we saw with the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone. The release of excess nutrients into surface waters can spur unusually high growth rates and population densities of phytoplankton, causing eutrophication in both freshwater and saltwater ecosystems. Diff: 2 Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments 13 4) Discuss how fishing practices can damage ecosystems. Include problems associated with driftnets, longline fishing, and bottom-trawling. Answer: The removal of species at high trophic levels from marine environments, particularly those that act as keystone species, can have serious ramifications for marine ecosystems. Fishing practices can also harm ecosystems in other ways. Many practices catch more than just the species they target. By‑catch accounts for the deaths of many thousands of fish, sharks, marine mammals, and birds each year. Boats that drag driftnets through the water capture substantial numbers of large animals such as dolphins, seals, and sea turtles, as well as countless nontarget fish. Most of these end up dying from drowning or from air exposure on deck. Similar by‑catch problems exist with longline fishing. Besides catching nontarget turtles and sharks, longline fishing kills many albatrosses. Other fishing practices can directly damage entire ecosystems. Bottom‑trawling crushes many organisms in its path and leaves long swaths of sea bottom damaged, especially those areas with structural complexity, such as reefs, that animals use for shelter. Diff: 3 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 5) What concept has traditional fisheries management been based on? What approach do scientists think would improve current management techniques? Answer: For decades, fisheries management has been based on scientific assessments and has sought to ensure sustainable harvests. Historically, fisheries managers have studied fish population biology and used that knowledge to regulate the timing of harvests, the techniques used to catch fish, and the scale of the harvest. The goal was to allow for maximal harvests of particular populations while keeping fish available for the future, a concept called maximum sustainable yield. If data indicated that current yields looked unsustainable, managers might limit the number or total mass of that fish species that could be harvested or might restrict the type of gear fishers can use. Numerous marine scientists and some managers now suggest a shift away from management of individual fish species and toward viewing marine resources as elements of larger ecological systems. This means considering the effects of fishing practices on habitat quality, on interspecific interactions, and on other ecological factors that may have indirect or long‑term effects on populations. Diff: 3 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 6) Summarize some of the positive effects of establishing marine reserves. Answer: A 2001, study summarized the effects of marine reserves. Besides boosting fish biomass and total catch and producing record‑size fish, marine reserves were found to produce rapid and long‑term increases in abundance, diversity, and productivity of many marine organisms. They decreased mortality and habitat destruction, lessened the likelihood of extirpation of species, and "seeded the seas" because protected species spread outside the reserve area. Establishing marine reserves is challenging because marine reserves are inherently more open than terrestrial systems making them difficult to manage and patrol. Diff: 3 Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves 14 16.7 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce by‑catch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm‑raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon. In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom‑trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat. 1) The main environmental problem caused by harvesting mollusks is ________. A) removal of keystone species B) introduction of invasive species C) habitat destruction D) high by‑catch E) bioaccumulation Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 2) Farm‑raised shrimp are not a good environmental seafood choice because ________. A) shrimp farms are often associated with reduction in mangrove forest habitat B) of the bioaccumulation of toxins C) of high by‑catch D) trawling destroys coral reefs E) they require high quantities of wild fish feed Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 3) Which of the following is not true about aquaculture? A) It can be resource intensive. B) It can result in habitat destruction. C) It can create mutants that harm native species. D) It can directly deplete wild fish populations. E) It can be sustainable. Answer: D Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 15 4) Why are marine reserves ecologically better than fish farms? A) They seed the seas. B) Farmed fish are quickly depleted. C) They are met with less opposition by fishers because they provide tremendous economic benefits. D) They require no government regulation. E) Farmed fish are genetically inferior. Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves 5) Which of the following is the worst seafood choice? A) mussels B) oysters C) wild salmon D) tuna E) talapia Answer: D Diff: 1 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 6) The seafood you named in question #5 above is a bad choice because ________. A) toxins may bioaccumulate in their tissue, sickening you when you eat them B) it is likely to be transgenic C) of habitat destruction D) harvesting is energy intensive E) they are filter feeders Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 7) Which of the following is not a problem with harvesting orange roughy? A) toxicity B) overfishing C) trawling D) habitat destruction E) high by‑catch Answer: E Diff: 2 Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries 16