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Download Activity - History of Marine Science Chart
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Name: _________________________ Date: ___________________________ Marine Science Block: ______ IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MARINE SCIENCE Time Period/Year Event/Person Importance/Significance Stone Age ---------------------------------- 3000BCE Polynesian Peoples Ancient clam bakes show people using ocean as resource Took to open sea, settling mid-pacific islands, profound knowledge of sea, dual-hulled ships, star navigation, overpopulation, religious wars & resource depletion led to migration Sailing the Mediterranean, Red, Atlantic, Black & Indian Marketing in Britain 2000 BCE Phoenicians 1200 BCE 400 BCE Aristotle 200 BCE Eratosthenes 995 A.D. Vikings, Leif Eriksson Dark Ages ---------------------------------- 476-1500 AD Viking raids 1451-1470 Prince Henry the Navigator 1492 Columbus 1519-1522 Magellan & crew 34 of original 204 1768-1776 James Cook 1728-1760 John Harrison 1st marine biologist; found gills are breathing structures of fish 1st to calculate circumference of Earth (accurate to 8% of true value) Discovered Vinland (NA – Newfoundland) Scientific inquiry came to a halt, Chinese became more skilled, scientific progress by Arabs (medicine, philosophy, etc) Led to Renaissance Established center for study of marine science & navigation; patron of many ocean explorers Rediscovered the “New World” Sold/marketed it to Europeans (knew Earth was Spherical) 1st to circumnavigate the world 3 yr voyage First to make scientific observation, 3 yr voyage “scientist” – accurate, thorough, complete descriptions Invented chronometer – solved longitude problem 1st map of the Gulf Stream (Gulph) 1769-1770 Benjamin Franklin 1831 Charles Darwin 1838 US Exploring Expedition 1840s Matthew Maury Assembled wind & current charts; distributed to mariners – 1st oceanographer 1840s-1850s Edward Forbes Extensive dredging of sea floor “Life below 549 m (1800 ft) impossible” 1st “only-for-science” expedition – 3 ½ years, laid foundation for modern marine Science, set new standards for studying the ocean Dispelled Forbes hypothesis Challenger 1872 Stazione Zoologica 1893-1896 1910 1909 1911 Nansen, Peary, Amundsen, & Scott WWII SONAR Post WWII Jacques Cousteau 1940s-1950s Thor Heyerdahl 1960 Trieste 1970s-present Robert Ballard 2000-2010 Census of Marine Life HMS Beagle – 5 years – detailed observations of natural world – “How Atolls Form” – captured plankton 4 yr mission – core of Smithsonian Institution 1st permanent marine laboratory – allowed organisms to be kept alive Nansen – polar oceanography-Fram Amundsen – Antarctica-1st to reach South Pole Peary – 1st to reach North Pole Scott – 1st extensive investigation of South Pole Sound Navigating & ranging – mapping the ocean floor SCUBA – allowed scientists to observe animals in natural habitats Recreates trips of Polynesians using rafts Walsh & Picard descended into Challenger Deep 11,022m (6.85 mi) 1977-discovered hydrothermal vents 1985-discovered Titanic 1989-discovered Bismarck A 10-year exploration revealing what, where, and how much lives and hides in global oceans
