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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 3e (Withgott)
Chapter 16 Marine and Coastal Systems: Resources, Impacts, and
Conservation
16.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions
Use Figure 16.1 to answer the following questions.
1) In temperate and tropical regions, water temperature becomes rapidly colder as a function of
depth ________.
A) above 500 feet
B) in the lowest parts of the deep zone
C) in the superficial deep zone
D) in the surface zone
E) in the pycnocline
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
1
2) Areas near ________ have the greatest temperature differential with depth.
A) the poles
B) the equator
C) the United States
D) Canada
E) Europe
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
3) Which of the following is true?
A) Polar areas lack a deep zone.
B) Polar areas lack a pycnocline.
C) Temperate areas lack a deep zone.
D) Temperate areas lack a pycnocline.
E) Tropical areas lack a surface zone.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
2
16.2 Matching Questions
Match the following.
1) Ecosystem that lies along the
shoreline between the
farthest reach of the highest
tides and the lowest reach of
the lowest tide
Diff: 3
A) deep zone
B) drift netting
C) mangrove forest
D) bottom trawling
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
2) Ocean zone where water is
dense and sluggish and not
affected by winds, sunlight,
and daily temperature
fluctuations
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of
marine environments
3) Tree-dominated ecosystem in
tropical and subtropical
latitudes that consists of
gently sloping sandy and
silty coastal areas
E) littoral zone
F)
G)
H)
I)
pelagic zone
estuary
pycnocline
surface zone
J) salt marsh
K) neritic zone
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
4) Area where a river flows into
the ocean, mixing fresh‑ and
saltwater
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
5) Ocean zone that comprises
approximately 18% of the
ocean's water; where density
increases and temperature
decreases
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of
marine environments
6) Fishing technique for
capturing groundfish
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.3 Uses of marine
resources
3
1) E
2) A
3) C
4) G
5) H
6) D
16.3 Short Answer Questions
1) What was the impetus for establishing the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary?
Answer: The sanctuary was established because overfishing, trash and sewage dumping, boat
groundings, and careless anchoring were damaging the region's ecosystems, while its
waters received inputs of pesticides, oil, and heavy metals from roads, residential
areas, and farms on the islands. The impacts on water quality, sea grass, and coral
reefs combined with overfishing severely depressed fish stocks. The act that created
the sanctuary, enacted in 1989, safeguards marine habitat and bans oil exploration,
mining, dumping, and large ships in the sanctuary.
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves
2) What is meant by the term world ocean?
Answer: The oceans of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic oceans are all
connected, comprising a single vast body of water that covers 71% of Earth's surface
and contains 97.2% of its surface water. The connectivity among the oceans suggests
that marine resources are communal and that degradation in one region eventually
affects the others.
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
3) What conditions produce the diversity found in the rocky intertidal zone?
Answer: The large variation in surface texture temperature, salinity, and water level gives rise
to the wide variety of organisms that live in these areas.
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
4) What does it mean that we are "fishing down the food chain"?
Answer: Sizes of caught fish decline with higher rates of fishing. As we overfish the seas, we
have largely eliminated stocks of large predators, many of whom are adult
commercial fish species. Now we are fishing our way through more moderately sized
consumers. Because food chains are not infinitely long, we will eventually be left with
only primary consumers, which may not be very palatable.
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
5) How have declines in fisheries been masked in recent years?
Answer: Fishermen have been traveling farther and fishing longer to obtain the same number
of fish. Technological advances have also improved fishing efficiency, and some
nations overreported their catches.
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
6) Why is the ocean salty?
Answer: Ocean water is 96.5% water by mass. The remainder is mostly ions from dissolved
salts. The salts are carried to the ocean from wind and rivers that bring sediment and
dissolved salts from the continents. Evaporation from the ocean surface removes pure
water, leaving high concentrations of salts.
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
4
7) Explain how warmer coastal waters resulting from global climate change may affect coral
reefs.
Answer: If water temperatures increase many species will eject their zooxanthellae,
subsequently bleaching and dying. On the other hand, corals may be able to colonize
waters that were previously too cold for them and also move into low-elevation areas
that may become flooded by expanding oceans.
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
8) In Florida, air temperatures can vary between 30-100°F, but ocean surface temperatures vary
only between about 70 and 88 degrees. What causes these major differences between air and
water temperatures? What effect does this have on coastal climate?
Answer: This is the result of the high specific heat of water. It serves as a heat sink, making
peak summer temperatures somewhat lower and winter cold snaps much less severe
in coastal areas.
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
9) The study of the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceans is called ________.
Answer: oceanography
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
10) ________ are the periodic rising and falling of the ocean's height at a given location due to
the gravitational pull of the moon.
Answer: Tides
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
11) A concept called ________ has been used to manage fish populations by allowing maximal
harvests of particular populations while keeping fish available for the future.
Answer: maximum sustainable yield
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves
16.4 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) About 80% of the ocean's water exists in the ________.
A) surface zone
B) pycnocline
C) deep zone
D) thermocline
E) euphotic zone
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
5
2) Ocean water is saltiest ________.
A) where there is a large amount of glacial melting
B) where rains are the heaviest
C) where there is high evaporation and low precipitation
D) in estuaries
E) at the equator
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
3) Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part ________.
A) low in oxygen
B) the coldest
C) the densest
D) the saltiest
E) well mixed
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
4) Which of the following is not characteristic of currents?
A) always rapid and powerful
B) driven by density differences
C) driven by temperature
D) driven by gravity
E) driven by wind
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
5) The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________.
A) pycnocline
B) topographic shelf
C) continental shelf
D) bathymetric zone
E) surface zone
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
6) The Oil Protection Act of 1990 ________.
A) was a global treaty signed by all oil‑transporting nations
B) restricted oil movement to land rather than sea
C) required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled
D) increased gas taxes to pay for the Exxon Valdez spill
E) is not effective at altering national oil incidents
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
6
7) What does the term groundfish refer to?
A) fish that form the base of the food web of deep‑water habitats
B) various species that live in benthic habitats, such as haddock and flounder
C) various species that live in littoral habitats, such as tuna and whitefish
D) various species that are found in estuaries
E) fish used for bait
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
8) Sea otters act as keystone species in the ________.
A) salt marshes
B) mangrove forests
C) kelp forests
D) deep ocean systems
E) coral reefs
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
9) Zooxanthellae are ________.
A) an endangered species of fish in the Pacific Ocean
B) symbiotic bacteria that decompose tissues of dead animals in oceans
C) symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in oceans
D) symbiotic algae that provide coral reefs with energy via their photosynthetic activity
E) an invasive species of kelp in the Indian Ocean
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
10) Which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems?
A) It can lead to algal blooms that kill fish.
B) It can aid corals by killing parasites.
C) It is rare and occurs only in bad weather.
D) It provides needed limiting nutrients.
E) It does not occur.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
11) Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine systems is ________.
A) radiation
B) oil spills
C) plastic dumping
D) overharvesting
E) abandoned fishing nets
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
7
12) Hypoxia and eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay may in part be attributed to ________.
A) loss of kelp to take up nutrients
B) loss of otters to maintain kelp
C) harvesting of oysters that previously would have filtered nutrients
D) harvesting of sea turtles that maintain urchin populations
E) overfishing salmon that maintain the entire system
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
13) A 2003 study reported that ________% of large-bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first
decade of industrialized fishing.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 50
E) 90
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
14) Upwelling ________.
A) occurs in areas where there are no currents
B) is the flow of warm water up toward the ocean surface
C) of ocean water results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface
D) occurs where winds blow at right angles toward the coastline
E) transports oxygen up toward the ocean surface
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
15) Downwelling ________.
A) occurs in areas where surface currents converge, or flow toward each other
B) occurs in areas where currents diverge, or flow away from each other
C) of ocean water results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface
D) occurs where winds blow at right angles toward the coastline
E) is the flow of cold water down toward the ocean floor
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
16) Bathymetry is best defined as the study of ________.
A) earthquakes
B) human populations
C) fish populations
D) ocean depths
E) coral reefs
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
8
17) Hydrothermal vents ________.
A) create ocean currents
B) provide nutrients to symbiotic bacteria that support ecosystems at the ocean floor
C) occur in tropical areas at the ocean surface
D) make the photic zone of ocean pelagic areas the most productive
E) are passageways for fish within coral reefs
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
18) Kelp are ________.
A) plants that grow on the deep ocean floor
B) large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for
invertebrates and fish
C) mostly found in tropical waters
D) poisonous if ingested by fish or humans
E) a species of endangered fish
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
19) Salt marshes ________.
A) contain too much salt to be inhabited by many organisms
B) occur mostly in tropical areas
C) occur mostly in arctic areas
D) occur mostly in temperate areas
E) presently have remained undisturbed by human activities
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
20) It is estimated that ________% of the world's marine fish populations are fully exploited.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
21) In 1992, the Canadian government ________.
A) ordered a complete ban on cod fishing
B) gave subsidies to fishermen who were losing money due to low fish harvests
C) banned the use of trawl fishing
D) enacted laws to protect many species of whales
E) started harvesting manganese nodules from the ocean floor
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
9
22) By-catch ________.
A) is fishing only at deep levels of the ocean
B) is fishing only at the surface of the ocean
C) is the practice of returning female and young fish back to the ocean
D) refers to the capture of animals not meant to be caught
E) is fishing for two species of fish concurrently
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
23) Most present‑day fisheries managers ________.
A) wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human
interference.
B) want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished
C) favor short‑term solutions to marine ecosystem problems
D) favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others
E) favor taxes on commercial fishing boats
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
24) Most marine protected areas ________.
A) are in the open oceans
B) have been established without the consent of the United States
C) prohibit the installation if oil pipelines and fiber‑optic cable lines within them
D) are along the coastlines of developed nations
E) ban fishing and extractive activities
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves
25) Marine reserves ________.
A) are people responsible for policing the open ocean waters
B) are people responsible for policing the coastlines
C) are "no‑take" areas in the oceans
D) provide no benefits to fishers, so are unanimously opposed by them
E) are opposed by most environmentalists
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves
26) Approximately ________ of Earth's human population lives within 100 miles of the ocean.
A) 1/10
B) 1/3
C) 2/3
D) 1/2
E) 3/4
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
10
27) Red tides are caused by ________.
A) increased ocean oxygen content
B) increased ocean carbon dioxide content
C) nutrient upwelling
D) the position of the moon
E) nutrient pollution leading to marine algae blooms
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
28) ________ will hopefully reduce the among of solid waste garbage in oceans
A) Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act
B) U.S. Oil Pollution Act
C) the establishment of Marine Protected Areas
D) the Mangrove Protection Act
E) the FAO
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
16.5 True/False Questions
1) Approximately 40% of the planet's surface is covered by ocean.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
2) Into the mid-20th century, it was common for U.S. coastal cities to dump trash into the
ocean.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
3) The majority of the oil polluting our oceans is from large spills.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
4) In all Earth's deep ocean areas, water density increases with depth.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
5) Regardless of latitude, the deep water zone is equivalent in temperature.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
6) The deepest zones of the ocean are void of life.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
11
7) Overfishing, pollution and and habitat alteration fortunately have had little effect on the
overall biodiversity of ocean ecosystems.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.2 Marine ecosystems
16.6 Essay Questions
1) Discuss the importance of the goods and services that ocean ecosystems provide for humans.
Answer: The oceans facilitate transportation and commerce, influence global climate, teem
with biodiversity, and provide us with many resources. Oceans provide an affordable
means of moving people and products over vast distances. The historical impacts of
shipping on human culture and commerce are profound, accelerating the global reach
of certain cultures and the interaction of long-isolated peoples. The thousands of ships
plying the world's oceans today carry everything from cod to cargo containers to
crude oil. Due to water's high heat capacity, oceans can moderate climate by
absorbing heat from the atmosphere. They are a source of thermal energy, and they
can also release heat into the atmosphere. Humans use oceans as sources of
commercially valuable energy. Oil and methane hydrate sediments represent fossil
fuel resources in the ocean. In recent decades, engineers have developed turbines that
generate electricity using the ebb and flow of the tides for energy. There are thousands
of species of fish in the oceans that provide us with food. People also extract minerals
from the ocean floor. By using large vacuum cleaner-like hydraulic dredges, miners
collect sediments and mineral deposits such as sand and gravel from deep beneath the
sea. Sulfur is extracted from salt deposits in the Gulf of Mexico, and phosphorite is
extracted from many offshore areas, including several near the California coast. Other
valuable minerals found on or beneath the sea floor include calcium carbonate (used
in making cement), silica (used as fire‑resistant insulation and in manufacturing
glass), and rich deposits of copper, zinc, silver, and gold ore. Many minerals are found
concentrated in manganese nodules, small ball‑shaped accretions that litter parts of
the ocean floor.
Also, the sea has always been a primal symbol and experience for humans,
representing vastness, the beyond and the abode of higher beings. Oceans have a
great value in their intangible ecosystem services, giving us a source of artistic
inspiration, beauty and peace of mind which are mainstays of the tourism industry
worldwide.
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.3 Uses of marine resources
12
2) What are the two main ecosystem divisions of the marine environment? What factors
provide variation within these divisions?
Answer: Marine biologists classify marine habitats into pelagic (open water) and benthic
(bottom) ecosystems. Pelagic ecosystems occur between the ocean surface and ocean
floor. Benthic areas occur on the ocean floor. These major areas are subdivided into
zones based on depth. Pelagic waters extend from epipelagic zones near the surface
down to haldalpelagic zones at depths below 19,700 feet. Surface waters that receive
adequate light for photosynthesis are considered to be in the photic zone, and waters
above the continental shelves are said to be in the neritic zone. Benthic zones range
from the intertidal zone, where the ocean meets the land, to the continental shelves
and down to the deeper bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones. Vertical zones vary in
topography, temperature, salinity, nutrients, and sunlight.
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.1 Characteristics of marine environments
3) Discuss the impacts of human‑made pollution on ocean ecosystems.
Answer: Oceans have long been a sink for human wastes. Even into the mid-20th century, it
was common for coastal cities in the United States to dump trash and pump untreated
sewage onto mudflats and into embayments. Coastal dumping practices have left a
toxic legacy around the United States, but marine pollution continues today. Oil,
plastic, industrial chemicals, sewage sludge, excess nutrients, abandoned fishing gear:
All eventually make their way into the oceans. Pollutants such as crude oil are also a
problem. The majority of oil pollution in the oceans comes not from large spills but
from cumulative small sources, including leakage from small boats and runoff from
human activities on land. In addition, the amount of petroleum spilled into the oceans
each year is equaled by the amount that seeps into the water from naturally occurring
seafloor deposits. Pollution from petroleum products is extremely detrimental to the
marine environment and the human economies that draw sustenance from that
environment. Petroleum can physically coat and kill intertidal and free‑swimming
marine organisms, and ingested chemical components in petroleum can poison
marine life. Plastic bags and bottles, fishing nets, gloves, fishing line, buckets, floats,
abandoned cargo, and nearly everything else that humans transport on the sea or
dispose into it can present problems for marine organisms and for people who
depend upon the sea. Because most plastic is not biodegradable, it can drift for
decades before washing up on beaches. Some marine animals, including seabirds, fish,
and endangered sea turtles, can mistake floating plastic debris for food (such as
mistaking clear plastic for jellyfish), and many die as a result. Artificial pollution from
fertilizer runoff or other nutrient inputs can also have dire effects on marine
ecosystems, as we saw with the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone. The release of excess
nutrients into surface waters can spur unusually high growth rates and population
densities of phytoplankton, causing eutrophication in both freshwater and saltwater
ecosystems.
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.4 Human impacts on marine environments
13
4) Discuss how fishing practices can damage ecosystems. Include problems associated with
driftnets, longline fishing, and bottom-trawling.
Answer: The removal of species at high trophic levels from marine environments, particularly
those that act as keystone species, can have serious ramifications for marine
ecosystems. Fishing practices can also harm ecosystems in other ways. Many practices
catch more than just the species they target. By‑catch accounts for the deaths of many
thousands of fish, sharks, marine mammals, and birds each year. Boats that drag
driftnets through the water capture substantial numbers of large animals such as
dolphins, seals, and sea turtles, as well as countless nontarget fish. Most of these end
up dying from drowning or from air exposure on deck. Similar by‑catch problems
exist with longline fishing. Besides catching nontarget turtles and sharks, longline
fishing kills many albatrosses. Other fishing practices can directly damage entire
ecosystems. Bottom‑trawling crushes many organisms in its path and leaves long
swaths of sea bottom damaged, especially those areas with structural complexity,
such as reefs, that animals use for shelter.
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
5) What concept has traditional fisheries management been based on? What approach do
scientists think would improve current management techniques?
Answer: For decades, fisheries management has been based on scientific assessments and has
sought to ensure sustainable harvests. Historically, fisheries managers have studied
fish population biology and used that knowledge to regulate the timing of harvests,
the techniques used to catch fish, and the scale of the harvest. The goal was to allow
for maximal harvests of particular populations while keeping fish available for the
future, a concept called maximum sustainable yield. If data indicated that current
yields looked unsustainable, managers might limit the number or total mass of that
fish species that could be harvested or might restrict the type of gear fishers can use.
Numerous marine scientists and some managers now suggest a shift away from
management of individual fish species and toward viewing marine resources as
elements of larger ecological systems. This means considering the effects of fishing
practices on habitat quality, on interspecific interactions, and on other ecological
factors that may have indirect or long‑term effects on populations.
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
6) Summarize some of the positive effects of establishing marine reserves.
Answer: A 2001, study summarized the effects of marine reserves. Besides boosting fish
biomass and total catch and producing record‑size fish, marine reserves were found to
produce rapid and long‑term increases in abundance, diversity, and productivity of
many marine organisms. They decreased mortality and habitat destruction, lessened
the likelihood of extirpation of species, and "seeded the seas" because protected
species spread outside the reserve area. Establishing marine reserves is challenging
because marine reserves are inherently more open than terrestrial systems making
them difficult to manage and patrol.
Diff: 3
Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves
14
16.7 Scenario-Based Questions
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is
not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices
if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves
growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can
actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in
Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms.
As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good
alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce by‑catch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the
fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread
disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon
consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm‑raised talapia, striped bass, and
sturgeon. In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are
fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed
cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or
pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass,
Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished.
Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom‑trawlers that
frequently damage bottom habitat.
1) The main environmental problem caused by harvesting mollusks is ________.
A) removal of keystone species
B) introduction of invasive species
C) habitat destruction
D) high by‑catch
E) bioaccumulation
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
2) Farm‑raised shrimp are not a good environmental seafood choice because ________.
A) shrimp farms are often associated with reduction in mangrove forest habitat
B) of the bioaccumulation of toxins
C) of high by‑catch
D) trawling destroys coral reefs
E) they require high quantities of wild fish feed
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
3) Which of the following is not true about aquaculture?
A) It can be resource intensive.
B) It can result in habitat destruction.
C) It can create mutants that harm native species.
D) It can directly deplete wild fish populations.
E) It can be sustainable.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
15
4) Why are marine reserves ecologically better than fish farms?
A) They seed the seas.
B) Farmed fish are quickly depleted.
C) They are met with less opposition by fishers because they provide tremendous
economic benefits.
D) They require no government regulation.
E) Farmed fish are genetically inferior.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.6 Marine protected areas and reserves
5) Which of the following is the worst seafood choice?
A) mussels
B) oysters
C) wild salmon
D) tuna
E) talapia
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
6) The seafood you named in question #5 above is a bad choice because ________.
A) toxins may bioaccumulate in their tissue, sickening you when you eat them
B) it is likely to be transgenic
C) of habitat destruction
D) harvesting is energy intensive
E) they are filter feeders
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
7) Which of the following is not a problem with harvesting orange roughy?
A) toxicity
B) overfishing
C) trawling
D) habitat destruction
E) high by‑catch
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 16.5 Decline of fisheries
16