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Ch. 20 - Biotechnology
“Trial of the
Century”:1994 Murder
Case:
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Nicole Brown Simpson
Blood Trail (1:40…)
DNA Fingerprinting Animation
O.J. Simpson capital murder case,1/95-9/95
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Odds of blood in Ford Bronco not being R. Goldman’s:
 6.5 billion to 1
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Odds of blood on socks in bedroom not being N. BrownSimpson’s:
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8.5 billion to 1
Odds of blood on glove not being from R. Goldman, N. BrownSimpson, and O.J. Simpson:
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21.5 billion to 1
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Number of people on planet earth:
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7 billion
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Odds of being struck by lightning in the U.S.:
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2.8 million to 1
 Odds of seeing 3 albino deer at the same time:
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85 million to 1
DID HE DO IT??
DNA Analysis
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Gel electrophoresis: separates nucleic acids or proteins on the
basis of size or electrical charge creating DNA bands of the
same length
Electrophoresis lab: DNA size vs. migration of DNA fragment
tutorial
DNA Profiling
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VNTR & STR (“stutters”) – Variable Nucleotide Tandem Repeats
Short Tandem Repeats.
PCR – uses thermo-cycler & Taq polymerase to amplify amounts of
DNA
RFLPs - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms, generated
from differences in VNTR’s & STR’s.
Southern blotting: process that reveals sequences and the RFLPs
in a DNA sequence. Animation
FBI & Combined DNA Index
System
VOCAB
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Recombinant DNA: DNA
in which genes from 2
different sources are
combined
Genetic engineering:
direct manipulation of
genes for practical
purposes
Biotechnology:
manipulation of organisms
or their components to
perform practical tasks or
provide useful products
Restriction Map of Lambda DNA
DNA Cloning
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Restriction enzymes (endonucleases):
in nature, these enzymes protect
bacteria from intruding DNA; they cut up the
DNA (restriction); very specific
Restriction site:
recognition sequence for a particular
restriction enzyme
Restriction fragments:
segments of DNA cut by restriction
enzymes in a reproducable way
Sticky end:
short extensions of restriction
fragments
DNA ligase:
enzyme that can join the sticky ends of
DNA fragments
Cloning vector:
DNA molecule that can carry foreign
DNA into a cell and replicate there (usually
bacterial plasmids)
Reproductive Cloning
Therapeutic cloning treats
disease via “replacement
cells”, tissues
Reproductive cloning copies
entire animal
Uses? Ethics?
Activity: What is Cloning?
Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells (PS or iPS)
vs. adult stem cells
Can stem cells mend a broken heart?
Unlocking Potential of Stem Cells
Practical Use of DNA Technology
MEDICAL
 Diagnosis, treatment, prevention of genetic
& infectious diseases
 Human gene therapy: Cystic Fibrosis Trials
Abnormal allele
 Pharmaceuticals: proteins as drugs via gen
engineered cells or ‘pharm’ animals (goats
that make antithrombin)
 DNA Microarrays (gene chips) that monitor
gene expression
Forensics & Genetic Profiling
 DNA fingerprinting to exclude/identify
criminal suspects, paternity
Environment – oil cleanup via bacteria
Agriculture & GM foods
DNA microarray animation
“Frankenfood” - Ethics Activity
Microarray Virtual Lab
Plasmids, gene cloning, applications
Animation
Transformation Lab: Engineering
antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Use plasmid as vector & E. coli colony in log phase growth
CaCl2 + heat shock to induce plasmid uptake by bacteria
(make cells “competent”)
Grow on antibiotic medium to select for transformed cells