Download Chapter 7 - Learning

Learning
Chapter 7
A) Classical Conditioning
• Associations made between a natural
stimulus and a learned stimulus
• Ivan Pavlov – Dogs associated various
items with food (Ringing Bell, A Feeder).
They responded by salivating, or
become excitable.
• Demo – rubber bands; clapping
• Role of Punishment and Rewards can be
crucial.
EX – List daily “conditions”
Bedwetting solutions
HAVER: “BLACKTOP”
B) Operant Conditioning
• Results from a person’s actions
and consequences they create.
• B.F. Skinner
• Reinforcement is the key. This may be in
positive or negative ways. Ex. “Good
Grades”:
• (+) = money
• (-) = you’ll be grounded if below 90
Demonstration – Human Mice; Hot/Cold
C) Social Learning
• Learning from the behavior of others.
Could be either positive or negative
behaviors. Ex?
• Related to “Observational Learning”
• Examples from “my” home life:
1) Reading (sister)
2) Making bed (parents/brother)
Who do you imitate? Why?
• Albert Bandura:
• Dolls vs. Aggression
Related – abuse
• Test: Following Directions;
write your own set of
clear, concise directions
to be followed entirely for
a simple human function.
D) Cognitive Learning
• Learning through mental
processing. Idea that much of
what we learn is done subtly or
abstractly (non-traditional)
• Ex. #13
• Ex. Racial Stereotypes (chicken
and watermelon)
E) Bloom’s Taxonomy
• Breaks learning in to 3
encompassing areas:
1) Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge)
2) Affective: emotional growth,
feelings (Attitude)
3) Psychomotor: manual
or physical skills
(Skills)
Other Factors
• Latent Learning – done below the
surface (not obvious) (maze)
• Expectancies – beliefs about our own
ability to perform an action and get
desired rewards
Key – a key to success in academics,
sports, musicals… life!
• Reinforcement – places the value of
one thing over another:
Playstation vs Xbox
Which do you prefer? If xbox, then
that has higher reinforcement value.
• Cognitive Map
• Grasp of where one is
Relative to space.
• An accepted notion that
Even simple organisms have
Innate abilities…Mice!
• Bees – sending scouts