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LEARNING
¡A relatively permanent c hange in behavior t hat i s brought a bout b y experience
§Not due to nature (getting taller)
§Not due to short-­‐term changes (new shoes)
LEARNING
¡Behaviorism: t heory o f learning t hat focuses exclusively o n observable b ehaviors
¡Two types of learning:
§Associative: making a connection or association between t wo events
§Observational: learning t hat takes p lace through the observation a nd i mitation o f another’s b ehavior
Stimulus
Response
Consequence
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
¡A type o f learning i n which a neutral stimulus c omes t o bring a bout a response after i t is paired w ith a stimulus t hat naturally b rings a bout t hat r esponse
¡Ivan P avlov
§Scientist who studied digestion by measuring the saliva of dogs
§Discovered that dogs “predicted” the arrival of food; led to salivation
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
¡Pavlov’s e xperiment :
§Attached tube to dog’s salivary gland
§Rang a bell, then presented food (repeated pairings)
§Dogs soon began to salivate when bell rang – even when food wasn’t presented!
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A natural, innate response that is not associated with previous learning
Unconditioned Response
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A NS that has been paired with a UCS to bring about a response formerly caused only by the UCS
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
STORY OF LITTLE ALBERT
¡ John B . W atson c onditioned a smal l b oy t o be afraid o f r ats
§ Unconditioned s timulus: loud noises
§ Fear generalized to other white, furry objects
¡ Al bert’s f ear w as n ever “fi xed” ( extinction)
¡ Experi ment i s o ften c ri ticized for b ei ng u nethi cal
¡ Condi ti oning c an c reate phobias
CONDITIONING IN THE MEDIA
¡Advertising C ampaigns
§ Pairing a product with something d esirable increases our chances o f buying that product
¡Examples?
OPERANT CONDITIONING
¡Learning i n which a voluntary r esponse i s strengthened o r weakened, d epending o n its favorable o r unfavorable c onsequences
§Difference between classical a nd operant conditioning?
Stimulus
Response
Consequence
¡Thorndike’s L aw of E ffect: R esponses t hat lead t o more s atisfying c onsequences a re more l ikely t o be repeated
THE SKINNER BOX
¡Skinner B ox:
Demonstrated t hat a nimals learn t o obtain f ood b y manipulating t heir environment w ithin t he b ox
§ Shaping
¡All behavior i s a consequence o f r ewards and p unishments
§ Free will?
§ Superstitions?
REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT
¡Reinforcement: I ncreases t he p robability of a behavior o ccurring a gain
§Primary reinforcer: innately satisfying (no learning needed)
§Secondary reinforcer: reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer
¡Punishment: D ecreases t he probability o f a behavior occurring a gain
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
¡Positive: A ny s timulus t hat is a dded to the e nvironment ( something i s given)
¡Negative: A ny s timulus t hat is removed from t he environment (something i s taken a way)
¡Reinforcement a nd p unishment c an be positive o r negative
FOUR TYPES
¡Positive r einforcement: a stimulus a dded
that i ncreases the l ikelihood o f a behavior
¡Negative r einforcement: a stimulus removed that i ncreases the l ikelihood o f a behavior
¡Positive p unishment: a stimulus a dded
that d ecreases the likelihood o f a behavior
¡Negative p unishment: a stimulus removed that d ecreases the l ikelihood o f a behavior
PUNISHMENT OR REINFORCEMENT?
¡Reinforcement i s u sually b etter
§Punishment tells us what not to do, but not what to do instead
§Punishment may send the wrong message (especially physical punishment)
¡Punishment i s sometimes b etter:
§Dangerous situations
§Immediate c ompliance
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
¡Schedules o f r einforcement: d ifferent patterns o f frequency a nd t iming o f reinforcement f ollowing d esired b ehavior
¡Continuous r einforcement: r einforcing a behavior e very t ime i t occurs
¡Partial r einforcement: r einforcing a behavior s ome o f the t ime t hat i t occurs
§Four types of partial reinforcement schedules
§ Fixed vs. variable
§ Ratio vs. interval
RATIO SCHEDULES
¡Fixed r atio schedule: Reinforcement i s given a fter a specific n umber o f responses
§Free cup of coffee after purchasing 9 cups
RATIO SCHEDULES
¡Variable r atio schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
§Slot machine
INTERVAL SCHEDULES
¡Fixed i nterval schedule:
reinforcement i s given a fter a certain p eriod o f time
§Weekly paycheck
INTERVAL SCHEDULES
¡Variable i nterval schedule:
reinforcement i s given a fter a certain average t ime
§Once-­‐a-­‐week pop quiz
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
¡Observational l earning: l earning through o bserving t he behavior o f another p erson ( a m odel)
§Albert Bandura and the BOBO doll study
¡Observational l earning may b e innate
§Mirror neurons fire when we observe another person’s behavior